ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Immune Microenvironment and the Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanisms, physiology, and therapies.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
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- Article
- Review
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- Can Cancer Cell Line In Vitro Radioembolization Model Help to Understand How Beta Radiation Affects Liver Tumor and Improve Treatment Results?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of survival curves.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Anlotinib as Third-Line or Later Therapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Real-World Efficacy and Safety Outcomes.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Late-phase strategies to overcome limitations of PD-1/PD-L1 therapy: a clinical development trajectory through 2030.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Rewiring tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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- Transarterial infusion chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and tislelizumab versus intravenous chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective propensity score matching analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Immune escape in portal vein tumor thrombus: an intravascular tumor-immune niche framework for hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A multi-database pharmacovigilance study reveals distinctive immunosuppressive and opportunistic infection disproportionality signals with bevacizumab and temozolomide combination therapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
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- Efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization combined with ablation and regorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients failing first-line treatment: a real-world study.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Article
- Optimal sequencing of locoregional and systemic therapies for intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a network meta-analysis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Navigating the Complexities of Cancer Treatment-Induced Hypertension.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Review
- Efficacy of Hepatic Artery Infusion Chemotherapy with Bevacizumab and Sintilimab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2025Article
- Circulating miR-485-3p as a biomarker for VEGF-associated therapeutic response to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has progressed with the development of multiple kinases, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, targeting cancer growth and angiogenesis. Additionally, the efficacy of sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, ramucirumab, and cabozantinib has been demonstrated in various clinical trials, and they are now widely used in clinical practice. Furthermore, the development of effective immune checkpoint inhibitors has progressed in systemic therapy for unresectable HCC, and atezolizumab + bevacizumab (atezo/bev) therapy and durvalumab + tremelimumab therapy are now recommended as first-line treatment. Atezo/bev therapy, which combines an anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 antibody with an anti-VEGF antibody, is the first cancer immunotherapy to demonstrate efficacy against unresectable HCC. With the increasing popularity of these treatments, VEGF inhibition is attracting attention from the perspective of its anti-angiogenic effects and impact on the cancer-immune cycle. In this review, we outline the role of VEGF in the tumor immune microenvironment and cancer immune cycle in HCC and outline the potential immune regulatory mechanisms of VEGF. Furthermore, we consider the potential significance of the dual inhibition of angiogenesis and immune-related molecules by VEGF, and ultimately aim to clarify the latest treatment strategies that maximizes efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.