ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2024
A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Review
- How Health Policies Shape Antibiotic Use: A Nationwide Study of "Access"-Group Antibiotics Availability and Consumption in a Middle-Income Country: The Case of Kazakhstan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Microbial Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance in Pneumonia Among Hospitalized Patients in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Data.Health science reports · 2026Review
- Antibiotic Resistance Awareness and Prescribing Behavior Among General Practitioners in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in Kazakhstan: results of the first nationwide survey in 2023.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance and the Blood-Brain Barrier: Complex Interactions and Implications for Neurological Health.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Consumption and Utilisation in Zambia: Results from the Analysis of National Data for the Human and Animal Health Sectors.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Trends in 'Watch' and 'Reserve' Antibiotic Use in Primary Care in Kazakhstan: The Imperative for Enhancing Stewardship Strategies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Implementation of Antimicrobial Consumption Surveillance and Stewardship in Human Healthcare in Post-Soviet States: A Systematic Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Social Determinants of Health and Antibiotic Consumption.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- National trends in Azithromycin consumption during 2017-2023 in Kazakhstan: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the imperative for enhanced clinical guidelines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesThere has been a lack of a holistic approach to evaluating antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan over the past few years using an internationally recognized methodology. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a nationwide evaluation of antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan during the period 2019-2023.
methodsDefined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DIDs) were calculated for systemic antibiotics (J01 code of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC)) following the methodology established by the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS-AMC). The average annual percent change (AAPC) was computed for each chemical agent, pharmacological group, and J01 in general to evaluate past trends in antibiotic consumption.
resultsThe consumption of J01 antibiotics ranged between 10.869 DIDs (2022) and 14.470 DIDs (2020). There was an increase in antibiotic consumption during 2020 and 2021, but the overall trend was declining, with an AAPC of -2.45%. Azithromycin was the most consumed systemic antibiotic, followed by ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. The consumption of "Watch" group antibiotics prevailed in Kazakhstan during the study period, with the number of people consuming the top five "Watch" group antibiotics rising from 72,578 in 2019 to 94,617 in 2023.
conclusionsThe findings of this study are crucial for the reorganization of the national antimicrobial stewardship program.
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