ReviewCancers2024
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Glioblastoma IDHwt Treatment: A Systematic Review.
Review in Cancers, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Re-expression of MHC-I to treat CNS cancers.Oncotarget · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint crosstalk between LAG-3 and CD39/CD73 in glioblastoma: dual-pathway regulation of metabolic exhaustion and therapeutic reversal strategies.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Evolving Landscape of Glioblastoma Research: Integrating Therapeutic Advances and Diagnostic Frontiers.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma Multiforme: Current Developments in Molecular Pathways, Magnetic Field-Based Interventions, and Personalized Therapy.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2026Review
- The safety and efficacy of bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) in patients with glioma.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Pleiotropic and multicellular roles of lymphotoxin beta receptor in solid tumor immunity and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- MicroRNAs and immunotherapy in testicular germ cell tumors: opportunities and challenges for modulation of the immune microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Evolution, Limitations, and Molecularly Guided Future.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The tumor microenvironment's role in the response to immune checkpoint blockade.Nature cancer · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma.Cancer treatment and research · 2025Review
- Unraveling epigenetic drivers of immune evasion in gliomas: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Thymidine kinase 1 related to Prolif-like T cells promoted GBM through regulation of cell cycle and EMT signals: a comprehensive research based on multi-omics analysis and experimental validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeA glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with significant unmet therapeutic needs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have marked therapeutic benefits in many different cancers but have yet to show benefit for most GBM patients in phase III trials.
methodsA systematic review querying ClinicalTrials.gov for prospective clinical trials investigating ICI in GBM between 1950 and July 2024 was performed. Search terms comprised 11 distinct ICIs. Data abstracted include clinical trial NCT numbers with study titles and status, enrollment information, interventions, and more. Clinical trial identifying information, interventions, and outcomes were extracted.
resultsOne hundred and seventeen clinical trials were identified; four were phase 3. Most involved PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade as monotherapy or in combination with standard-of-care. The large, randomized trials included CHECKMATE 143, CHECKMATE 498, CHECKMATE 548, and NRG BN007. These showed no improvement in median overall survival or progression-free survival in unselected patients. Biomarker-directed analyses suggest that a subset of GBM patients may benefit.
conclusionsICI for the treatment of GBM has not demonstrated clear evidence of efficacy thus far. This review serves as a quick reference of ICI trial results in GBM. Biomarker-driven patient selection and/or novel approaches to overcome resistance mechanisms remain areas of viable inquiry.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.