ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
Inflammatory discoveries two years after acute severe COVID-19: a longitudinal biomarker profile assessment in long COVID individuals in the Brazilian Amazon.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Persistent Redox Imbalance in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Enzyme Depletion, and Reduced Nitric Oxide Availability in an Amazonian Population.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation After COVID-19: Longitudinal Analysis up to 9 Months.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Transfer of IgG from long COVID patients induces symptomology in mice.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Persistent Interleukin-1β Elevation in Post-COVID-19 Patients: Findings From a Nationwide Registry Study in Japan.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Article
- Clinical features and inflammatory signatures of patients with persistent gastrointestinal long COVID two years after severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal trajectories of hematological indices and serum metalloproteinases-2 and 9 over 1 year after moderate and severe COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Redefining Normal: Cytokine Dysregulation in Long COVID and the Post-Pandemic Healthy Donors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Functional Capacity Impairment in Long COVID After 17 Months of Severe Acute Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
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Abstract
Background: In SARS-CoV-2 infection, cytokines and laboratory biomarkers play a key role in disease progression and their long-term levels have been associated with the outcome of long COVID-19. Objectives: I) study the levels of cytokines, hematological and biochemical biomarkers in the acute and post-acute phases of COVID-19 disease; and II) assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccine doses on fatigue symptoms. Methods: This study is an exploratory cohort nested within a clinical and laboratory follow-up of surviving participants after pre-vaccine acute COVID-19 infection with severe clinical manifestations. We analyzed the inflammatory biomarker profiles of fifty SARS-Cov-2 negative healthy controls from before the COVID-19 pandemic, and eighty patients in the acute phase (Day 1, Day 7 and Day 14), and during 4 months and 2 years after hospitalization. Results: Four months after hospitalization, 91.3% (73/80) of patients exhibited onset of long COVID symptoms, which persisted in 63.7% (51/80) after 2 years. Comparing the baseline values of the cytokines in the controls versus the follow-up times, the cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were high in the acute phase, declining over time after the individual's recovery, while IL-1β showed an inverse variation, remaining high after 2 years. IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF increased over time post-acute infection, indicating a long-term inflammatory response. Vaccination with four doses, compared to three doses, showed a slight protective effect against fatigue symptoms in the male population (IRR 0.48, 95% CI 0.22 - 1.02; Conclusion: Although the frequency of long COVID symptoms declines over time after the acute illness, symptoms continue to persist 2 years after hospital discharge. Vaccination with a fourth dose booster appears to significantly influence reduction of symptoms associated with long COVID fatigue among the males. We further identified important laboratory biomarkers for long COVID. Elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF, along with low levels of IL-6, IL-18, and IL-12p70, also offer new insights into the inflammatory state in long COVID.
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