ArticleBirth defects research2025
Developmental Toxicity of Disinfection Byproducts in F344 Rats: Effects on Pregnancy Maintenance and Eye Development.
Article in Birth defects research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Risks of Birth Defects Following In Utero Exposures to Unregulated Brominated Haloacetic Acids.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Application of Toxicologically Informed Relative Potency Factors to Examine Associations between Water Disinfection Byproducts and Birth Defects.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Risks of obstructive genitourinary birth defects in relation to trihalomethane and haloacetic acid exposures: expanding disinfection byproduct mixtures analyses using relative potency factors.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEpidemiological studies report associations of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with adverse health outcomes, including birth defects. Here, we used a rat model susceptible to pregnancy loss (full-litter resorption; FLR) and eye malformations (anophthalmia, microphthalmia) to test 11 DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids (HAAs), and nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs).
methodsTimed-pregnant F344 rats received gavage doses of chloroform, chlorodibromomethane, iodoform, chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid (DBA), diiodoacetic acid (DIA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dibromonitromethane, and iodoacetonitrile on gestation days (GD) 6-10. Bromonitromethane and TCA were administered via drinking water on GD 6-11. Litters were examined on postnatal days 1 and 6.
resultsAll trihalomethanes tested caused FLR. The di- and tri-halogenated HAAs, but not the mono-HAAs, caused eye malformations. N-DBPs caused neither effect at the dosages tested. TCA by gavage caused both FLR and eye defects, whereas drinking water exposure only caused eye defects. Potency rankings for causing FLR were chloroform ≥ iodoform > chlorodibromomethane and the rankings for causing eye defects were DIA > TCA = DBA.
conclusionWe confirmed that trihalomethanes caused pregnancy loss and that di- and tri-HAAs were teratogenic. The N-DBPs induced neither effect. Potency rankings were inconsistent with rankings seen in vitro.
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