Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39762830›Full record

ArticleBMC cancer2025

Barriers to cervical cancer screening among immigrant Yemeni women in Malaysia.

Eshrak Ba-Alawi, Meram Azzani, Nahlah Abduljaleel Alsaidi, Wahib M Atroosh, Bilquis Taher Anaam, Dalila Roslan, Rola Ali-Saeed, Sarah Noman

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Article in BMC cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Eshrak Ba-AlawiDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Saujana Putra Campus, Jenjarum, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia.
Meram AzzaniDepartment of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, 47000, Selangor, Malaysia. dr_memeazzani@yahoo.com.
Nahlah Abduljaleel AlsaidiDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Saujana Putra Campus, Jenjarum, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia.
Wahib M AtrooshDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Bilquis Taher AnaamDepartment of Early Clinical Exposure, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Saujana Putra Campus, Jenjarum, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia.
Dalila RoslanDepartment of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
Rola Ali-SaeedDepartment of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarum, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sarah NomanDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, 6803, Yemen.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCervical cancer is preventable cancer through pap test screening. Despite the benefits of cervical cancer screening, immigrant women have markedly lower use of Pap smear testing. Hence, this study aims to determine the barriers to cervical cancer screening among Yemeni female immigrants in Malaysia and the factors related to these barriers.

methodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out among immigrant Yemeni women staying in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data were collected using a validated modified Arabic version of the Cervical Cancer Awareness Measure (Cervical CAM). Descriptive and inferential analyses were utilized. Adjusted binary logistic regression was performed to find out the factors that increase the probability of facing barriers to the Pap test.

resultsA total of 370 questionnaires were collected. Cognitive barriers were the highest recognized type of barrier to undertaking the Pap test among study participants (74.9%) followed by emotional barriers (13%). Unemployed women were significantly less likely than employed to report an emotional barrier to the Pap test (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03-0.95). Higher educated women (OR = 3.11, CI: 1.02-9.48) and those still studying (OR = 3.11, CI: 1.02-9.48) were significantly more likely to report practical barriers. Regarding the cognitive barriers, women with tertiary education were significantly less likely than those with primary education to have cognitive barriers (OR = 0.41, CI: 0.19-0.90).

conclusionaccess to health services among immigrant women, including screening for cervical cancer, is a complex issue involving a wide range of barriers. Cognitive barriers associated with sexual activity and the absence of symptoms are the main reason for the decision to not undergo cervical cancer screening. To address this, we recommend adopting a comprehensive approach that integrates education, community engagement, accessibility, and cultural sensitivity to promote the uptake of cervical cancer screening within the Yemeni immigrant community.

Indexed as

Early Detection of CancerEmigrants and ImmigrantsHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticePapanicolaou TestUterine Cervical NeoplasmsAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHumansMalaysiaMass ScreeningMiddle AgedPatient Acceptance of Health CareSurveys and QuestionnairesVaginal SmearsBarriersCervical cancerPap testScreening

Identifiers

PMID39762830
PMCPMC11705708

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.