A High Spatiotemporal Iontronic Single-Cell Viscometer.

Ideal single-cell viscometer has remained unachieved, leaving a gap in current palette of single-cell nanotools. Information of single-cell viscosity could contribute to our knowledge of fundamental biological processes, e.g., mass diffusion, biochemical interaction, and cellular responses to many diseases and pathologies. Although advances have been made to this end, existing methods generally suffer from limitations, e.g., low spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we describe a high spatiotemporal iontronic single-cell viscometer that operates upon a patch clamp integrated with double-barreled nanopores separated by a septum of ca. 32 nm. The system enables reversible electroosmotic manipulation of the adjacent small fluid bridging two nanopores, the viscous alternation of which could be sensitively monitored by the ionic responses. In practical cellular studies, significantly, our findings reveal not only the less deviated medium viscosities than those of lysosomes and mitochondria but also the highest viscosities in the near-nuclear region than those of mitochondrion-dense and lysosome-dense regions. This work has provided an accessible single-cell viscometer and enriched the armory of single-cell nanotools.