Efficacy and safety of sublingual buprenorphine in managing acute postoperative pain - A systematic review.

Sublingual (SL) buprenorphine has been used as a modality of managing acute postoperative pain in many studies. This systematic review aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of SL buprenorphine as an analgesic for various surgeries. After registering the protocol with PROSPERO, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Ovid databases with relevant keywords. The primary outcomes were 24-hour pain scores, and the secondary outcomes were postoperative nausea and vomiting, sedation scores, pruritus, rescue analgesia, and urinary retention. The risk of bias scale was used to identify the quality of evidence. From the 103 articles identified, four randomized-controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. The overall risk of bias was low. Most of the studies showed that the use of SL buprenorphine led to either better or comparable pain scores when compared to a control group with lesser or tolerable adverse events. There was a lot of heterogeneity across the studies in this systematic review in terms of the type of surgery performed, the comparison groups, doses of buprenorphine, and the outcomes that were assessed. Therefore, a quantitative meta-analysis was not performed. The results of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity in the methodology. Adequately powered studies with robust methodology should investigate the safety and efficacy of SL buprenorphine when used for postoperative analgesia.