ArticleGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2025
Virtual reality-based Harms tangent screen test for strabismus measurement.
Article in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Virtual Reality Orthoptic Interventions for Binocular Vision Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeOur study presents a virtual reality-based tangent screen test (VTS) to measure subjective ocular deviations including torsion in nine directions of gaze. The test was compared to the analogous Harms tangent screen test (HTS).
methodsWe used an Oculus Go
resultsWe included 85 patients. Measured horizontal and vertical deviations showed very good agreement between the two methods in all gaze directions (horizontal and vertical ICC: 0.93-0.98). Agreement was lower for torsional deviations (ICC: 0.79-0.93). The mean difference in primary position was 1.5° (95% limits of agreement -3.5° to 6.5°) for horizontal, 0° (-2,7° to 2,7°) for vertical, and 0.3° (-4.0° to 3.0°) for torsional deviations. The average examination time was 6 min with the VTS compared to 15 min with the HTS.
conclusionsVertical and horizontal deviations showed good agreement between both tests measuring a slightly higher esodeviation with VTS probably due to an increased vergence demand. Measurement of torsional misalignment would benefit from a controller with more holding stability, such as a PC-mouse with central wheel, facilitating fine adjustments. VTS allowed automatic documentation, required less time and was easier to use than HTS. KEY MESSAGES: What is known The incidence of neurogenic diplopia increases in the ageing population. The Harms tangent screen test (HTS) reliably measures subjective ocular deviations in patients with diplopia. The HTS requires staff well-trained in orthoptics limiting its use. What is new A novel virtual reality-based tangent screen test (VTS) enables measurement of horizontal, vertical and torsional ocular misalignment and shows a good comparability to the HTS. VTS uses commercially available head-mounted-display and controller, and specifically developed software, requires less time than HTS and allows automatic documentation. VTS administration does not require orthoptic training and can eventually be implemented in a clinical setting to provide a wider availability of subjective squint angle measurements.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.