Observational studyNature medicine2025
Effects of conditional cash transfers on tuberculosis incidence and mortality according to race, ethnicity and socioeconomic factors in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort.
Observational study in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Record linkage in tuberculosis epidemiological surveillance in Brazil: systematic methodological literature review.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Socioeconomic dynamics and tuberculosis mortality in São Paulo: a population-level analysis using spatial modeling.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national economic value of reducing amenable tuberculosis mortality.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Engaging tuberculosis-affected people in investment decisions: applying a people-centered design approach in Viet Nam.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association Between Community-Level Social Determinants of Health and Sepsis Incidence and Mortality: A Scoping Review.Critical care explorations · 2026Article
- Why condition cash transfers? A multimethod pilot study evaluating the conditioning of cash transfers for tuberculosis treatment.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Rethinking Tuberculosis Treatment Abandonment in Latin America: A Biopsychosocial Perspective and an Integrated Model for Continuity of Care.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Towards universal social protection for people affected by tuberculosis in the Western Pacific Region: a social protection baseline assessment and policy entry points.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Review
- Transmission heterogeneity amongiScience · 2026Article
- Article
- The impact of social protection interventions on treatment and socioeconomic outcomes of tuberculosis-affected people and households in low income, high burden settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990-2050: a systematic comparative analysis based on retrospective cross-sectional of GBD 2021 and WHO surveillance systems.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Space-time clustering and temporal trend analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Brazil, 2010-2023.PloS one · 2026Article
- Projecting tuberculosis control progress in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of Brazil, 2001-2035: a Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Financing the future of TB control: from dependence to resilience.Public health action · 2025Article
- Intersectional impact of cash transfers on AIDS among 12.3 million Brazilian women.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Evaluation of social protection for people affected by tuberculosis: development of an indicator matrix for Brazil.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The social determinants of tuberculosis: a case-control study characterising pathways to equitable intervention in Peru.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- A roadmap for integrating nutritional assessment, counselling, and support into the care of people with tuberculosis.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have been implemented globally to alleviate poverty. Although tuberculosis (TB) is closely linked to poverty, the effects of CCT on TB outcomes among populations facing social and economic vulnerabilities remain uncertain. Here we estimated the associations between participation in the world's largest CCT program, the Brazilian Bolsa Família Program (BFP), and the reduction of TB incidence, mortality and case-fatality rates using the nationwide 100 Million Brazilian Cohort between 2004 and 2015. We also evaluated these relationships according to race, ethnicity, wealth levels, sex and age. Exposure to the BFP was associated with a large reduction in TB incidence (adjusted rate ratio (aRR): 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-0.60) and mortality (aRR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.65-0.73). The strongest BFP association was observed in individuals of Indigenous ethnicity both for TB incidence (aRR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.32-0.42) and mortality (aRR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20-0.62), and in individuals of Black and Pardo ethnicity (incidence-aRR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.57-0.59; mortality-aRR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.64-0.73). BFP associations were considerably stronger among individuals living in extreme poverty both for TB incidence (aRR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.49-0.50) and mortality (aRR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.55-0.65). CCT can strongly reduce TB incidence and mortality in individuals living in extreme poverty, and of Indigenous, Black and Pardo ethnicity, and could significantly contribute to achieving the End TB Strategy targets and TB-related Sustainable Development Goals.
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