The feasibility of the adult age estimation 3D-CBCT method on ancient human remains.

The age estimation of skeletal remains still represents a central issue not only for the reconstruction of the so-called "biological profile," but mostly for the palaeodemographic investigation. This research aims at verifying the feasibility of the adult age estimation method developed on living people by Pinchi et al. (2015 and 2018), for estimating the age at the death of 37 subjects from ancient populations found in two different Italian necropolis of archaeological interest (Mont'e Prama and Florence, X-IX century B.C and V-VI century A.D respectively). The method is conservative and based on a geometrical approximation of dental volumes of the upper central left incisors on CBCT scans. The statistical distribution of the age and errors followed the Bayesian approach proposed by Sironi et el. (2018) applying the "a priori" values according to the estimates/classification obtained with anthropological methods (morphological). Results show higher accuracy for Mont'e Prama remains than for the Florentine sample due to the different characteristics of the two ancient populations (estimates varying from 18.4 up to 28.7 years with a maximum error of 6,14 years for Mont'e Prama, and from 15.88 up to 43.37 years with a minimum error of 1 year up to a maximum error of 7,85 years for Florence). The method proposed and validated on modern living people can represent a reliable tool for estimating the age of ancient human remains with a significant palaeodemographic value for archaeologists/anthropologists. Mont'e Prama sample could be defined as a homogenous group of males aged around 20-30 years, probably warriors, soldiers, or athletes; Florentine sample as an inhomogeneous group of males and females from different families buried all together in a small area out of the city due to the probable occurrence of a special healthy emergency in the city.