ArticlePloS one2025
Association between exclusive or dual use of combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products and depressive symptoms.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effect of nicotine delivery system on blood protease levels: a randomized crossover study.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Combustible Cigarette Smokers, Heated Tobacco Users, and Non-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lithuania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Heated Tobacco Products: Emerging Health Outcomes and Insights into Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory-Driving Mechanisms.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Health Effects of Heated Tobacco Product Use-A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Determinants of Smoking Among University Students in Northern Iraq.Journal of research in health sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeDespite the advent of heated tobacco products (HTPs), their relationship to mental health remains unclear. This study aimed to determine associations between the use of combustible cigarettes (CCs) and HTPs with depressive symptoms.
methodsThis descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2023. Using the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 5,349 adults aged 19 years or older were classified into four groups: non-users, CC-only users, HTP-only users, and dual users. Relationships between exclusive or dual use of CCs and HTPs and depressive symptoms were analyzed using item scores and total scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). To examine associations between exclusive or dual use of CCs and HTPs and depressive symptoms, a multinomial regression analysis was performed using the PHQ-9 total score.
resultsHTP-only users had the highest proportion of those with anhedonia and depressed mood. CC-only users had the highest proportion of individuals with trouble sleeping, while dual users had a higher proportion of those with fatigue and appetite problems. After adjusting for general characteristics, compared to non-users, CC-only users were more likely to have mild and moderate to severe depressive symptoms. HTP-only users and dual users were also more likely to have moderate to severe depressive symptoms.
conclusionsAll smokers have a higher risk of depression than non-smokers. Health care providers should closely monitor depressive symptoms, especially in HTP users and dual users of tobacco products.
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Registered trials
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