ReviewTherapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease
Sex-related differences in heart failure patients: physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular ageing and evidence-based sex-specific medical therapies.
Review in Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Frailty index and type 2 diabetes with renal complications: insights from Mendelian randomization and retrospective observational study.Renal failure · 2026Observational
- Sex- and Diabetes-Dependent Perioperative Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Trajectories Identify Distinct Hepatorenal Stress Phenotypes After Surgical Coronary Revascularization.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Women's cardiovascular health in 2025:Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- Neuro-glial mechanisms underlying sex-based resilience to cardiorespiratory dysfunction in heart failure.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Diet-Microbiota Interactions in Ageing: Implications for Healthy Longevity.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Assessment of permeability in deep tissue capillaries using a new method reflects the nutrient supply status in a healthy heart.Regenerative therapy · 2025Article
- Endothelial Dysfunction in Sex-Specific Disparities in Cardiovascular Diseases: Biological Mechanisms, Diagnostic-Therapeutic Differences, and Translational Medicine Strategies.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Roles of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in 90-Day Readmission and Mortality Trends in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Insights From the National Readmissions Database.International journal of heart failure · 2025Article
- The Association Between Chronic Heart Failure and Metabolic Syndrome Increases the Cost of Hospitalization.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review aims to describe the sex differences in heart failure (HF) patients, with a particular emphasis on the effect of cardiovascular ageing. Additionally, it takes into consideration the sex-related variation in cardiovascular health and physiology and the role ageing plays in HF and its implications in drug therapy. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the common HF medications, classified according to the established sub-types, are summarised with respect to sex-specific documented findings. Despite numerous studies confirming significant differences in HF outcomes according to sex, there are no current guidelines that consider patients' sex in medical therapy of HF. Moreover, females are significantly under-represented in research trials, as well as under-treated in clinical practice, which hinders our understanding of HF in this demographic. Most of the current knowledge on sex-specific HF therapies is driven by secondary analyses of studies not primarily undertaking sex-specific analyses. Therefore, we propose a multi-faceted approach, including increased awareness among healthcare providers and more inclusive research to create a personalised care plan accounting for sex differences in HF management. Given the highlighted knowledge gaps, it is paramount for new research efforts to account for the different sex phenotypes in HF.
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