ArticleNature communications2025
Wearable electrodriven switch actively delivers macromolecular drugs to fundus in non-invasive and controllable manners.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bioelectronic interfaces for restoring vision pathways.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Chitosan-Functionalized Liposome-Mediated Fundus Delivery of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for Diabetic Retinopathy Therapy.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Harnessing semen-derived exosomes for noninvasive fundus drug delivery: A paradigm for exosome-based ocular fundus therapeutics.Science advances · 2026Article
- Characterization and Structural Evaluation of Niobium-Integrated Chitosan-Gelatin Hybrid Hydrogels.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mitochondria-targeted gene delivery using fluorinated lipid nanoparticles to alleviate Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.Nature communications · 2025Article
- External stimuli-responsive drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye.Drug delivery · 2025Review
- A battery-free wireless sensor for encrypted signal transmission via Maxwell's displacement current.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2025Article
- Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 attenuates diabetic retinopathy through gut microbiota modulation: evidence for the gut-retinal axis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Current treatments for fundus disorders, such as intravitreal injections, pose risks, including infection and retinal detachment, and are limited in their ability to deliver macromolecular drugs across the blood‒retinal barrier. Although non-invasive methods are safer, their delivery efficiency remains suboptimal (<5%). We have developed a wearable electrodriven switch (WES) that improves the non-invasive delivery of macromolecules to the fundus. The WES system, which integrates an electrodriven drug delivery lens with a square wave generator, leverages electrical stimulation to enhance drug penetration through the sclera-choroid-retina pathway. In our study, WES achieved a delivery efficiency of 14% for immunoglobulin G, comparable to that of intravitreal injection (16%). Moreover, WES-enhanced anti-VEGF administration resulted in an 86% inhibition of choroidal neovascularization, and anti-PDL1 delivery inhibited choroidal melanoma growth more effectively than intravenous injections, with no adverse effects on ocular health. These findings suggest that WES holds transformative potential for the non-invasive treatment of chronic fundus diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.