ArticleNature communications2025
Multimaterial cryogenic printing of three-dimensional soft hydrogel machines.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vine-Inspired Soft Robotics: Materials, Actuations, and Emerging Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Three-dimensional printing of ice structures via evaporative cooling in vacuum.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- 3D Printing of Magnetic Soft Materials for Functional Structures and Devices.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Dual-wavelength photopatterning unlocks spatially programmable heterogeneity in liquid crystal elastomers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Breaking the Toughness-Stretchability Trade-Off in Hydrogels with Dynamic Hydrogen Bonding.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Data-Driven Printability Modeling of Hydrogels for Precise Direct Ink Writing Based on Rheological Properties.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Concrete Structure Inspired 3D-Printed Framework Mechanically Reinforced Zwitterionic Hydrogel for Efficient Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion Prevention.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Millimeter-scale fluid-driven soft robots.National science review · 2025Article
- Micro/nano-robotic medical device: preparation, actuation mechanisms and their applications in medicine.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Synergistic mastery: Advancing mechanical and electrical harmony in conducting polymer hydrogel bioelectronics.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- Properties and Characterization of Cryogels: Structural, Mechanical, and Functional Insights.ACS omega · 2025Review
- Photopatternable PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels for High-Resolution Photolithography.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydrogel-based soft machines are promising in diverse applications, such as biomedical electronics and soft robotics. However, current fabrication techniques generally struggle to construct multimaterial three-dimensional hydrogel architectures for soft machines and robots, owing to the inherent hydrogel softness from the low-density polymer network nature. Herein, we present a multimaterial cryogenic printing (MCP) technique that can fabricate sophisticated soft hydrogel machines with accurate yet complex architectures and robust multimaterial interfaces. Our MCP technique harnesses a universal all-in-cryogenic solvent phase transition strategy, involving instant ink solidification followed by in-situ synchronous solvent melting and cross-linking. We, therefore, can facilely fabricate various multimaterial 3D hydrogel structures with high aspect ratio complex geometries (overhanging, thin-walled, and hollow) in high fidelity. Using this approach, we design and manufacture all-printed all-hydrogel soft machines with versatile functions, such as self-sensing biomimetic heart valves with leaflet-status perception and untethered multimode turbine robots capable of in-tube blockage removal and transportation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.