Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39747025›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Robust skin-integrated conductive biogel for high-fidelity detection under mechanical stress.

Tian Li, Haobo Qi, Cancan Zhao, Zhenming Li, Wei Zhou, Guanjin Li, Hao Zhuo, Wei Zhai

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Designing PEDOT:PSS hydrogels for bioelectronic interfaces.Materials today (Kidlington, England) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Dual-Interfacial Engineering Enabled by a ZnAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Wearable Flexible Sensors for Cardiovascular Disease Monitoring.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Ionic-Bionic Interfaces: Advancing Iontronic Strategies for Bioelectronic Sensing and Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Tian Li *Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Haobo Qi *Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Cancan Zhao *Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
Zhenming LiDepartment of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
Wei ZhouDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Guanjin LiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Hao ZhuoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0001-9063-6878
Wei ZhaiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. mpezwei@nus.edu.sg.ORCID 0000-0003-2307-5243

Funding

Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) M22K5a0045
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Soft conductive gels are essential for epidermal electronics but often face challenges when interfacing with uneven surfaces or areas with extensive hair, especially under mechanical stress. In this study, we employed the concept of liquid-to-solid transformation to enhance integration at biointerfaces and designed an in-situ biogel capable of rapidly transitioning between liquid and solid states within 3 min via a temperature switch. The biogel features a semi-interpenetrating polymer network design and dual conduction pathways, resulting in high tensile strength (~1-3 MPa), a skin-compatible modulus (~0.3-1.1 MPa), strong skin adhesive strength (~1 MPa), and superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, ~30-40 dB). The biogel demonstrates significant performance in mechanically demanding environments, showing potential for accurately capturing outdoor exercise data, monitoring muscle recovery from sports-induced fatigue, and in vivo monitoring of cardiac physiological signals. The liquid-to-solid transformation concept, coupled with the design strategy for highly integrated and stable soft conductive materials, provides a basis for advancing conductive interface designs for high-fidelity signal acquisition.

Indexed as

Electric ConductivitySkinStress, MechanicalWearable Electronic DevicesGelsHumansPolymersSignal-To-Noise RatioTensile StrengthGelsPolymers

Identifiers

PMID39747025
PMCPMC11695986

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.