ArticleOccupational and environmental medicine2025
Estimated exposure to endotoxin and circulating immunological markers among male farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study.
Article in Occupational and environmental medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Animal farming and the oral microbiome in the Agricultural Health Study.Environmental research · 2025Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOccupational exposure to endotoxin has been associated with reduced lung cancer risk. The mechanisms underlying this association are unclear, though immunological alterations likely play a role. Farmers who perform certain tasks (eg, raising hogs) can be highly exposed to endotoxin. We, therefore, leveraged measurements of circulating immune markers from a prior investigation among male farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study to evaluate associations with newly developed estimates of endotoxin exposure.
methodsOur investigation included 122 non-smoking farmers from Iowa, oversampling those raising hogs. Serum levels of 60 markers were measured using multiplex bead-based assays and ELISA. Based on an algorithm linking measurement-based task intensity estimates with self-reported task frequency, we estimated cumulative endotoxin exposure in the 30 days up to sample collection. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate geometric mean ratios of immune markers across exposure quartiles.
resultsHigher endotoxin exposure in the last 30 days was associated with increased levels of fibroblast growth factor-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha/CCL20 and sIL-4R (P
conclusionsSeveral circulating immune markers were associated with endotoxin levels in an exposure-response manner. Our findings are consistent with prior work on hog farming and suggest possible biological mechanisms through which endotoxin may confer a reduced risk of lung cancer.
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