ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2025
Longitudinal associations between intersectional stigmas, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and viral load among women living with HIV using multidimensional latent transition item response analysis.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Using a Syringe Service Program-Based Community Advisory Board to Expand HIV Testing, Overdose Prevention, and PrEP Linkage in a Southern Black Neighborhood.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Unsuppressed viral load and its associated factors among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Declining but increasingly concentrated HIV stigma in rural Uganda: population-based cohort study, 2014-2024.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Knowledge and Stigma: Findings from a Cross-sectional Survey.International journal of MCH and AIDS · 2026Article
- Stigma Attitudes Toward HIV/AIDS From 2011 Through 2023 in Japan: Retrospective Study in Japan.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Association of experienced stigma in healthcare settings with health outcomes among Black women living with HIV: Mediating roles of internalized stigma, anticipated stigma, and trust in HIV care.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- The Impact of Race, Education, Economic Vulnerability, and Stigma on Viral Load Detectability Among People Living with HIV in Brazil.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Health profiles of foreign-born elderly women with HIV in Italy.Frontiers in aging · 2025Article
- The trend analysis of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among women of childbearing aged 15 to 49 years from 1990 to 2021 and its forecasting from 2022 to 2030.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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14 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn the US, Women, especially Black and Latina women living in disadvantaged environments, are disproportionally affected by HIV. Women living with HIV (WLHIV) have higher rates of suboptimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and detectable viral load (VL). Experiences of intersectional poverty, HIV, gender, and racial stigmas may increase the rates of detectable VL through suboptimal ART adherence.
aimsTo explore longitudinal associations between intersectional stigmas, ART adherence, and detectable VL using multidimensional latent transition item response analysis.
participantsWLHIV (N = 459) in the [masked] sub-study of the [masked], from sites in Birmingham, AL, Jackson, MS, Atlanta, GA, and San Francisco, CA. ASSESSMENT: Experienced poverty, HIV, gender, and racial stigma, self-report ART adherence, and VL were assessed at four yearly follow-ups between 2016 and 2020.
resultsWe identified five classes of WLHIV with different combinations of experienced intersectional stigmas. Longitudinally, WLHIV with higher levels of poverty, gender, and racial stigma had higher odds of suboptimal ART adherence (<90%) (OR = 3.59, p < 0.001) and detectable VL (OR = 2.08, p = 0.028) compared to WLHIV with lower/moderately low stigmas levels. WLHIV in the highest stigma classes had higher odds of detectable VL, independently of ART adherence (Class 3: OR = 1.38, p = 0.016; Class 5: OR = 1.31, p = 0.046). These findings underscore the compounded effects of intersectional stigmas on HIV treatment outcomes.
conclusionIntersecting experiences of HIV, racial, gender, and poverty stigmas can increase detectable VL risk through suboptimal ART adherence, although other mechanisms may also be involved. Recognizing the complexity of intersectional stigmas is essential for developing approaches to improve WLHIV's HIV treatment outcomes.
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