Social Determinants of Health and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Review of Meta-Analyses.

Importance: Preventing suicide is one of the top priorities in public health policy. Identifying key social determinants of health (SDOH) in suicide risk is critical for informing clinical practices, future research, and policy solutions to prevent suicide. Objective: To examine the associations of SDOH with suicide-related outcomes. Data Sources: Studies published before July 2023 were searched through PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science. The date of the search was August 4, 2023. Study Selection: We included the most up-to-date meta-analyses reporting associations between SDOH and suicide-related outcomes. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Three independent reviewers extracted data and conducted quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes of interest were suicide mortality, suicide attempt, and suicidal ideation. Results: A total of 46 meta-analyses met inclusion criteria. For suicide mortality, justice system-involved individuals in the community, exposure to others' and parental suicide, firearm accessibility, divorce, experience in foster care, release from incarceration, and midlife (age 35-65 years) unemployment were the SDOH with consistently strong effects. Individuals released from incarceration demonstrated a high prevalence of suicide mortality (114.5 per 100 000 persons). With regard to suicide attempt, experience of childhood abuse and maltreatment and sexual assault, gender and sexual minority status, and parental suicide mortality were the strongest risk factors. The prevalence of suicide attempt among homeless individuals (28.9%; 95% CI, 21.7%-37.2%) and incarcerated female youths (27%; 95% CI, 20%-34%) and adults (12.2%; 95% CI, 7.1%-17.2%) was high. For suicidal ideation, identification as bisexual and intimate partner violence in women were the strongest risk factors. The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation in homeless individuals was 41.6% (95% CI, 28.6%-56.0%). Protective factors associated with reduced risk of suicide mortality were religious affiliation and being married. School connectedness showed protective associations against suicide attempt and suicidal ideation. Conclusions and Relevance: Tailoring interventions and future research for identified priority subpopulations, such as justice system-involved individuals in the community, and implementing policy measures addressing the SDOH that showed strong associations with suicide mortality, attempts, and ideation, such as gun licensing requirements, are critical to counteracting social and environmental forces that increase suicide risk.