ArticleFrontiers in immunology2024
Effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor time-of-day infusion on survival in advanced biliary tract cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Time-of-Day Immunotherapy Administration and Outcomes in Advanced Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2026Pooled it
- Morning versus afternoon administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Trial
- Circadian timing of first-line chemoimmunotherapy is associated with survival in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Overall survival according to timing of immune checkpoint inhibitors administration in patients with advanced cancer: results from a large single-centre cohort analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Unlocking the clock: a systematic review and meta-analysis on optimizing immune checkpoint inhibitor timing for advanced solid tumors.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Timing matters: how mechanism-guided sequencing shapes the efficacy of radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations : A systematic review.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2026Review
- Circadian rhythms and lung cancer biology and immunotherapy: Emerging opportunities and challenges.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Symptom Fluctuations in Malignant Tumor Patients: Stable by Day and Severe at Night.Journal of Cancer · 2026Review
- Metastasis in biological time.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Synchronizing immunity with time: unlocking the potential of chrono-immunotherapy in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of time-of-day on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients: an up-to-date clinical review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Clinical-radiomics nomogram integrating lymph node radiomic features to predict immunotherapy response in advanced biliary tract cancers.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Circadian rhythms in the immune system and anti-tumor responses are underexplored in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in treating advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs), not all patients benefit. This study examined whether the timing of ICI administration affects outcomes in advanced BTC patients. Methods: We included advanced BTC patients from West China Hospital of Sichuan University who received ≥2 ICI treatments from October 2019 to September 2023, with follow-up until May 2024. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS), with secondary outcomes including progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse events (AEs). Propensity score matching (1:2 ratio, caliper width 0.1) mitigated confounding factors. Cox proportional hazards regression analyzed the impact of ICI timing (post-16:30) on OS and PFS. Chi-square test assessed ORR and AE differences. Results: Among 221 patients, 51 received ≥20% of ICIs after 16:30; 170 received <20%. Post-matching, 49 late-infusion patients had significantly shorter OS (median 10.1 Conclusion: Timing of ICI administration affects efficacy in advanced BTC, with pre-16:30 infusions linked to better survival. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate these results.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.