Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39743179›Full record

Trial reportJournal of substance use and addiction treatment2025

Description of implementing a mail-based overdose education and naloxone distribution program in community supervision settings during COVID-19.

Carrie B Oser, Margaret McGladrey, Douglas R Oyler, Hannah K Knudsen, Sharon L Walsh, Susannah Stitzer, Michael Goetz, Marisa Booty, Erica Hargis, Sarah Johnson and 2 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of substance use and addiction treatment, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Observational
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Carrie B OserDepartment of Behavioral Science, Center for Health Equity Transformation, Center on Drug & Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: carrie.oser@uky.edu.
Margaret McGladreyDepartment of Health Management and Policy, Center for Innovation in Population Health, University of Kentucky, 111 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: margaret.mcgladrey@uky.edu.
Douglas R OylerDepartment of Pharmacy Practice & Science, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: doug.oyler@uky.edu.
Hannah K KnudsenDepartment of Behavioral Science, Center on Drug & Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: hannah.knudsen@uky.edu.
Sharon L WalshDepartment of Behavioral Science, Center on Drug & Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: sharon.walsh@uky.edu.
Susannah StitzerSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: susannahmstitzer@uky.edu.
Michael GoetzSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: michael.goetz@uky.edu.
Marisa BootyDepartment of Sociology, University of Kentucky, 1549 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. Electronic address: marisa.booty@uky.edu.
Erica HargisDivision of Probation and Parole, Kentucky Department of Corrections, 275 East Main Street, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA. Electronic address: erica.hargis@ky.gov.
Sarah JohnsonDivision of Addiction Services, Kentucky Department of Corrections, PO Box 2400, Frankfort, KY 40602, USA. Electronic address: sarahg.johnson@ky.gov.
Michele StatonDepartment of Behavioral Science, Center on Drug & Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Electronic address: mstaton@uky.edu.
Patricia R FreemanDepartment of Pharmacy Practice & Science, Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. Electronic address: trish.freeman@uky.edu.

Funding

Kentucky CAN HEAL (Communities and Networks Helping End Addiction Long-term)UM1DA049406 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI WALSH, SHARON L. · 2019 to 2022
$81.7M
Examining the Impact of the Criminal Legal System on Opioid Use Disorder Treatment and Recovery: A Socioecological PerspectiveR36DA061317 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI BOOTY, MARISA D. · 2024 to 2025
$103k
NIDA NIH HHS R36 DA061317NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049406
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThis study uses the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) model to retrospectively describe the mail-based overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) program developed in collaboration with the Kentucky Department of Corrections (DOC) for use in the HEALing Communities Study in Kentucky (HCS-KY) and details the reach of this innovative delivery model.

methodsHCS-KY is a community-engaged cluster-randomized trial assessing the effects of implementing evidence-based practices, including OEND, on overdose death reduction across 16 communities highly impacted by the opioid epidemic in Kentucky.

resultsImplementation occurred in all 16 counties. All promotional strategies used in the first 8 counties (Wave 1) were carried over to the second 8 counties (Wave 2), except letters were not sent to community supervision clients in Wave 2 counties. Across both waves, 1759 people accessed the Typeform™ website to receive overdose education, complete a brief demographic survey, and 1696 had naloxone shipped to their homes. Greater reach occurred in Wave 1 and in rural counties. Of the participants, 81.13 % were white, 61.17 % were female, 51.79 % were between the ages of 35-54, 18.82 % had previously experienced an overdose, and 69.07 % had witnessed an overdose. Sites sustained three of the five implementation strategies for publicizing the OEND website at the study's end but not letters and texting.

conclusionsMail-based OEND programs are an appropriate delivery method for ensuring access to life-saving medication for people on community supervision and may encourage treatment. Strategies to promote the OEND program that were high-effort for agency and study staff, such as letters, or high-cost, such as texting, were not sustainable. Implications for OEND best practices, including innovative technology use within community supervision settings are addressed.

Indexed as

COVID-19Drug OverdoseHealth EducationNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsPostal ServiceAdultFemaleHumansKentuckyMaleMiddle AgedOpioid-Related DisordersRetrospective StudiesNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsCommunity supervisionCOVID-19Implementation strategiesMail-based OEND programOverdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND)

Identifiers

PMID39743179
PMCPMC11885019

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.