ArticleYonsei medical journal2025
Smoking Experience before Adulthood Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Developing Ulcerative Colitis in Adult Ex-Smokers.
Article in Yonsei medical journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors associated with ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammatory bowel diseases: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSmoking may have a protective role in developing ulcerative colitis (UC) but have the opposite effect on Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to determine the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) according to smoking status and onset age of smoking. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe collected data on the smoking experiences of participants aged 20-39 years who underwent biannual examinations provided by the Korean National Health Screening Program from 2009 to 2012. IBD diagnosis was identified using the National Health Insurance Service. The risk of IBD according to smoking status and onset age of smoking was analyzed after adjusting for major clinical variables.
resultsDuring a median 10.59-year follow-up, the risk of UC in ex-smokers was significantly higher than that in non-smokers, and the earlier ex-smokers started smoking, the higher risk of UC [ex-smokers whose onset age of smoking was <20 years, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.928, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.649-2.255; 20-24 years, aHR 1.728, 95% CI=1.541-1.939; 25-29 years, aHR 1.676, 95% CI=1.489-1.887; ≥30 years, aHR 1.226, 95% CI=1.010-1.486]. The risk of UC was significantly lower in current smokers whose onset age of smoking was 25-29 years than in non-smokers (aHR 0.825, 95% CI=0.709-0.959). The risk of CD did not differ according to smoking status and onset age of smoking.
conclusionEx-smokers who started smoking at a young age have a high risk of UC, even after adjusting for the smoking amount.
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