ArticleMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2025
Inverted HA-EV immunization elicits stalk-specific influenza immunity and cross-protection in mice.
Article in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Article
- Changing Epidemiology of Influenza Infections Among Children in the Post-Pandemic Period: A Case Study in Xi'an, China.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Research Progress of Universal Influenza Vaccine.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Mature Dendritic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles are Potent Mucosal Adjuvants for Influenza Hemagglutinin Vaccines.ACS nano · 2025Article
- A path toward developing a universal mucosal influenza vaccine: An upside-down influenza HA vaccine based on extracellular vesicles.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Enhancing protective immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial to combat influenza infection and transmission. Developing mucosal universal influenza vaccines requires effective delivery platforms to overcome the respiratory mucosal barrier and stimulate appropriate innate immune reactions, thereby bridging adaptive immune responses with minimal necessary inflammation. Meanwhile, the vaccine platforms must be biocompatible. This study employed cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a mucosal universal influenza vaccine platform. By conjugating influenza hemagglutinin (HA) onto EV surfaces through HA-receptor interaction, we achieved an upside-down (inverted) influenza HA configuration that exposed the conserved HA stalk region while partially hiding the globular head domain. Intranasal immunization with the resulting EVs induced robust HA stalk- and virus-specific serum antibody and mucosal immune responses in mice, protecting against heterologous virus infection. Notably, EVs derived from the lung epithelial cell line A549 induced superior cross-reactive antibodies and enhanced protection upon intranasal immunization. EVs conjugating multivalent HA elicited broadly cross-reactive antibody and cellular responses against different influenza strains. Our results demonstrated that EVs conjugating multiple inverted HAs represented an effective strategy for developing a mucosal universal influenza vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.