Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39740083›Full record

Observational studyInternational forum of allergy & rhinology2025

Type 2 biomarkers in olfactory cleft mucus correlate with SNOT-22 in chronic rhinosinusitis independent of nasal polyp status.

Nikita Chapurin, Zachary M Soler, Sofia Khan, Jennifer K Mulligan, Vijay R Ramakrishnan, Jess C Mace, Timothy L Smith, Jeremiah A Alt, Jose L Mattos, Vinay K Rathi and 1 more

Abstract readObservational StudyMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in International forum of allergy & rhinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. What can we learn about chronic rhinosinusitis through mucus?Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Nikita ChapurinDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3744-0451
Zachary M SolerDivision of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Sofia KhanDivision of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6991-9694
Jennifer K MulliganDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6880-6092
Vijay R RamakrishnanDivision of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2748-0705
Jess C MaceDivision of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5009-3426
Timothy L SmithDivision of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6424-7083
Jeremiah A AltDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0560-5028
Jose L MattosDivision of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8766-1626
Vinay K RathiDivision of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9763-9075
Rodney J SchlosserDivision of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6480-0275

Funding

DETERMINANTS OF SURGICAL OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC SINUSITISR01DC005805 · NIDCD · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI SMITH, TIMOTHY L, SOLER, ZACHARY M · 2004 to 2020
$7.6M
NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC005805NIDCD NIH HHS R01-DC005805
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundQuantitative mucus cytokine analysis to examine the sinonasal microenvironment may bridge the gap between patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and empirical measures of inflammation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

objectiveInvestigate the correlation between mucus cytokine levels and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores, including individual subdomains.

methodsPatients with CRS were prospectively recruited between 2016 and 2021 into a multi-institutional observational study. Mucus was collected from the olfactory cleft and evaluated for mucus cytokine biomarkers. Spearman correlations (ρ) between cytokine levels and SNOT-22 scores, including individual subdomains, Lund-Mackay (LM) CT and Lund-Kennedy (LK) endoscopy scores were assessed. Subgroup analysis based on nasal polyp status (CRSsNP-without nasal polyps; CRSwNP-with nasal polyps) was also performed. Linear regression was employed to identify multivariate associations between cytokine expression levels, clinical covariates, and SNOT-22 total and domain scores.

resultsA total of 127 patients were included in the study (CRSsNP = 53, CRSwNP = 74). IL-9 (ρ = 0.196, p < 0.05) was the only biomarker that correlated with the SNOT-22 total score. CRSwNP patients had a higher absolute expression level of Type 2 biomarkers (IgE, IL-5, and IL-13), compared to CRSsNP patients. IgE, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 significantly correlated with the SNOT-22 rhinologic subdomain scores (p < 0.001), LM scores, and patient reported sense of smell (Question 21). Notably, subgroup analysis showed that CRSsNP patients also demonstrated significant correlations between Type 2 markers (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13) and SNOT-22 rhinologic subdomain scores.

conclusionType 2 mucus cytokine levels, especially IL-9, correlate with SNOT-22, and the rhinologic SNOT-22 subdomain scores for both CRSsNP and CRSwNP patients.

Indexed as

CytokinesMucusNasal PolypsRhinitisSinusitisAdultAgedBiomarkersChronic DiseaseFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient Reported Outcome MeasuresProspective StudiesRhinosinusitisBiomarkersCytokineschronic rhinosinusitiscytokinemucusoutcome assessment (healthcare)patient‐reported outcome measurementssinonasal outcome test

Identifiers

PMID39740083
PMCPMC11970993

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.