ArticlePloS one2024
High glucose promotes macrophage switching to the M1 phenotype via the downregulation of STAT-3 mediated autophagy.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanism and Component Study of Scorpion Peptides Regulation of Macrophage Polarization in Diabetic Wounds.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Macrophage Plasticity: Phenotypic and Functional Profiles Across Pathological Microenvironments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Sirtuin 3 promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by regulating macrophage polarization under high glucose.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Metformin Mitigates Diabetes-Driven Renal Senescence via Immunomodulation and the FABP4/FOXO1 Axis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Bioinformatic analysis identifies LPL as a critical gene in diabetic kidney disease via lipoprotein metabolism.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
aimImbalanced M1/M2 macrophage phenotype activation is a key point in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Macrophages mainly exhibit the M1 phenotype, which contributes to inflammation and fibrosis in DKD. Studies have indicated that autophagy plays an important role in M1/M2 activation. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates the macrophage M1/M2 phenotype in DKD is unknown. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore whether high glucose-induced macrophages switch to the M1 phenotype via the downregulation of STAT-3-mediated autophagy.
methodsDKD model rats were established in vivo via the intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ). The rats were sacrificed at 18 weeks for histological and molecular analysis. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in vitro with 30 mM glucose in the presence or absence of a STAT-3 activator (colivelin) and an autophagy activator (rapamycin). Moreover, M1 and M2 macrophage activation models were established as a control group. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were used to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3 and Beclin-1), M1 markers (iNOS and CD11c) and M2 markers (MR and CD206).
resultsIn DKD, macrophages exhibit an M1 phenotype. Under high-glucose conditions, RAW264.7 macrophages switched to the M1 phenotype. Autophagy was downregulated in high glucose-induced M1 macrophages. Both the STAT-3 activator and the autophagy activator promoted the transition of glucose-induced M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages. Moreover, STAT-3 activation increased the expression of autophagy markers (LC3 and Beclin-1). However, the autophagy activator had no effect on STAT-3 phosphorylation.
conclusionHigh glucose promotes macrophage switching to the M1 phenotype via the downregulation of STAT-3-mediated autophagy.
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