ArticlePLOS global public health2024
A matter of timing: Biting by malaria-infected Anopheles mosquitoes and the use of interventions during the night in rural south-eastern Tanzania.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Behavioral patterns of humans and Anopheles arabiensis reveal outdoor malaria transmission risk at Pemba Island, Zanzibar.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Nationally representative programmatic surveillance of mosquito and human behaviours that influence human exposure to malaria transmission and the impact of vector control across Tanzania.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Seasonal Variation and Interspecies Dynamics Among Plasmodium falciparum and ovale Species in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Microclimates, land cover, and socioeconomic vulnerability shape Anopheles hotspots in Maryland, USA.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Correction: A matter of timing: Biting by malaria-infected Anopheles mosquitoes and the use of interventions during the night in rural south-eastern Tanzania.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Estimating mosquito bionomics parameters with a hierarchical Bayesian model.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Article
- Cascades of effectiveness of next-generation insecticide-treated nets against malaria, from entomological trials to real-life conditions.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Determinants of locally acquired malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Daytime and public space exposure to Anopheles funestus bites in Western Province, Zambia: implications for malaria surveillance and control.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Early evening outdoor biting by malaria-infected Anopheles arabiensis vectors threatens malaria elimination efforts in Zanzibar.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Seasonal variation and interspecies dynamics amongmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Knowing when and where infected mosquitoes bite is required for estimating accurate measures of malaria risk, assessing outdoor exposure, and designing intervention strategies. This study combines secondary analyses of a human behaviour survey and an entomological survey carried out in the same area to estimate human exposure to malaria-infected Anopheles mosquitoes throughout the night in rural villages in south-eastern Tanzania. Mosquitoes were collected hourly from 6PM to 6AM indoors and outdoors by human landing catches in 2019, and tested for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infections using ELISA. In nearby villages, a trained member in each selected household recorded the whereabouts and activities of the household members from 6PM to 6AM in 2016 and 2017. Vector control use was high: 99% of individuals were reported to use insecticide-treated nets and a recent trial of indoor residual spraying had achieved 80% coverage. The risk of being bitten by infected mosquitoes outdoors, indoors in bed, and indoors but not in bed, and use of mosquito nets was estimated for each hour of the night. Individuals were mainly outdoors before 9PM, and mainly indoors between 10PM and 5AM. The main malaria vectors caught were Anopheles funestus sensu stricto and An. arabiensis. Biting rates were higher in the night compared to the evening or early morning. Due to the high use of ITNs, an estimated 85% (95% CI 81%, 88%) of all exposure in children below school age and 76% (71%, 81%) in older household members could potentially be averted by ITNs under current use patterns. Outdoor exposure accounted for an estimated 11% (8%, 15%) of infective bites in children below school age and 17% (13%, 22%) in older individuals. Maintaining high levels of ITN access, use and effectiveness remains important for reducing malaria transmission in this area. Interventions against outdoor exposure would provide additional protection.
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