Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39739435›Full record

ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine

Alterations in gut-derived uremic toxins before the onset of azotemic chronic kidney disease in cats.

Laurens Van Mulders, Ellen Vanden Broecke, Ellen De Paepe, Femke Mortier, Lynn Vanhaecke, Sylvie Daminet

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Guideline
  2. Supplementation withThe veterinary quarterly · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Laurens Van MuldersFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-5936
Ellen Vanden BroeckeFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-032X
Ellen De PaepeFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Femke MortierFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-2561
Lynn VanhaeckeFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Sylvie DaminetFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6733-7925

Funding

Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent DOC 2020 004701EveryCat Health Foundation CaPK22-002Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek SBP 2020 006001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough gut-derived uremic toxins are increased in azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats and implicated in disease progression, it remains unclear if augmented formation or retention of these toxins is associated with the development of renal azotemia.

objectivesAssess the association between gut-derived toxins (ie, indoxyl-sulfate, p-cresyl-sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide [TMAO]) and the onset of azotemic CKD in cats. ANIMALS: Forty-eight client-owned cats.

methodsNested case-control study, comparing serum and urine gut-derived uremic toxin abundance at 6-month intervals between initially healthy cats that developed azotemic CKD (n = 22) and a control group (n = 26) that remained healthy, using a targeted metabolomic approach.

resultsCats in the CKD group had significantly higher serum indoxyl-sulfate (mean [SD], 1.44 [1.06] vs 0.83 [0.46]; P = .02) and TMAO (mean [SD], 1.82 [1.80] vs 1.60 [0.62]; P = .01) abundance 6 months before the detection of azotemic CKD. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis indicated that indoxyl-sulfate (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-9.0; P = .04) and TMAO (OR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.4-11; P = .03) were predictors for the onset of azotemia 6 months before diagnosis. However, renal function biomarkers creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, and urinary specific gravity were significantly correlated with indoxyl-sulfate and TMAO abundance, causing a loss in predictive significance after correction for these factors.

conclusionsImpaired gut-derived uremic toxin handling is apparent at least 6 months before the diagnosis of azotemia, likely reflecting an already ongoing decrease in GFR, tubular function, or both. A direct causal relationship between gut-derived uremic toxicity and the initiation of CKD in cats is still lacking.

Indexed as

AzotemiaCat DiseasesIndicanMethylaminesRenal Insufficiency, ChronicSulfuric Acid EstersUremic ToxinsAnimalsCase-Control StudiesCatsCresolsFemaleGastrointestinal MicrobiomeMaleUremia4-cresol sulfateCresolsIndicanMethylaminesSulfuric Acid EsterstrimethyloxamineUremic ToxinsCKD developmentearly interventionfeline chronic kidney diseasepathophysiologyuremic toxicity

Identifiers

PMID39739435
PMCPMC11683462

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.