SynthesisNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2025
Relative effectiveness of antidepressant treatments in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The efficacy of acupuncture for depression-associated chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Discontinuing antidepressant medication: a qualitative evidence synthesis and logic model based on health professionals' views.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Progress, critical challenges, and translational prospects of intranasal administration of botanical essential oils for the treatment of depression.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of probiotic intervention in unmedicated depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- CSF galanin and noradrenaline downregulation by psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Trajectory of response to esketamine nasal spray for treatment resistant depression: Findings from ESCAPE-TRD.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Trial
- Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial comparing EEG-triggered repetitive TMS with standard iTBS (Acronym: BOSSFRONT2).European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Acute effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow.Translational psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Ketamine Dosing Across Clinical Indications: A Narrative Review Organized by Proposed NMDA-Related Mechanisms.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Review
- Comparing apples and oranges in TRD treatment: the importance of assumptions in network meta-analysis.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- The synaptic triad in depression: how stress-related pathways converge on BDNF, NMDA receptor, and MMP-9.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- A review of mechanisms and optimization strategies for clinical improvement after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in bipolar disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Parameter-Specific Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation on Depression-Like Behaviors in a CUMS Mouse Model.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Sympathetic activation but not dissociation linked to ketamine's sustained antidepressant effect.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Pharmacotherapy for Depressive Disorders: From Novel Compounds to Optimized Use of Available Drugs.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Literature Review.Genes · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin: An Unconventional Tool for the Treatment of Depression?Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Innovative pharmacological depression treatment.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Doxycycline: An essential tool for Alzheimer's disease.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) sought to compare different antidepressant treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in order to facilitate evidence-based choices. A literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase from inception until April 13th, 2023 identified randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with depression who had not responded to at least two antidepressant trials; all RCTs had ≥10 participants per study arm, and participants with bipolar or psychotic depression were excluded. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool-2 was used to assess study quality. Response rate was the primary outcome measure. Odds ratios (ORs) using a random effects NMA are reported. From 8234 records, 69 RCTs were included in this analysis, encompassing 10,285 participants (5662 F/4623 M) and 25 separate treatments. Six of the 25 treatments demonstrated a higher response rate versus placebo or sham treatment: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), minocycline, theta-burst stimulation (TBS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), ketamine, and aripiprazole. ORs ranged from 1.9 (95%CI = [1.25; 2.91]) for aripiprazole to 12.86 (95%CI = [4.07; 40.63]) for ECT. Moderate heterogeneity of the model was observed (I
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.