ArticleScientific reports2024
Heart rate dynamics for cognitive load estimation in a driving simulation task.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Non-Invasive Physiological Metrics for Cognitive Load Assessment in Training and Operational Contexts: Signal Processing, Evidence, and Feasibility.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Integrated brain and body mechanisms underlying acute stress and trauma-related vulnerability.Neurobiology of stress · 2026Article
- Assessment of cognitive load through photoplethysmography and bioimpedance responses during mental arithmetic tasks.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Discriminative Capabilities of Eye Gaze Measures for Cognitive Load Evaluation in a Driving Simulation Task.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Article
- Toward Wearable MagnetoCardioGraphy (MCG) for Cognitive Workload Monitoring: Advancements in Sensor and Study Design.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fuzzy-Based Sensor Fusion for Cognitive Load Assessment in Inclusive Manufacturing Strategies.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Classifying metro drivers' cognitive distractions during manual operations using machine learning and random forest-recursive feature elimination.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cognitive load (CL) is one of the leading factors moderating states and performance among drivers. Heavily increased CL may contribute to the development of mental stress. Averaged heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices are shown to reflect CL levels in different tasks. The aim of this large-scale study was to explore how accurately HR and HRV metrics can differentiate between varying CL conditions during driving. Participants (N = 892, 44% female, from 18 to 79 years old) performed simulated driving in highway and urban scenarios. The n-back task was used as a mental distraction to further increase CL. The results have shown that increased CL was accompanied by higher HR, lower HRV, as measured by RMSSD, and higher HR complexity, as measured by permutation entropy. HR displayed the highest accuracy in discriminating between short windows (30 s) of different CL conditions, particularly highway versus urban driving and mental distraction during highway driving. We found gender and age effects on discriminative accuracy of HR and HRV metrics which were related to subjective ratings of CL. These results illustrate that HR and HRV indices provide a valid source for applications in the field of CL monitoring and mental stress detection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.