SynthesisHead & neck2025
Cost Outcomes of Virtual Surgical Planning in Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Head & neck, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Short-term outcomes of virtual surgical planning-assisted mandibular reconstruction using a patient-specific reconstruction plate and split rib bundle bone graft: a prospective single-arm study.Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Multicenter Comparison of Modern Plating Options in Fibula, Scapula, and Osteocutaneous Radial Forearm Free Flaps.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Hybrid Reconstruction in Head and Neck Surgery: Integration of Virtual Planning, Navigation, and Robotic Microsurgery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Modern technology complements classic technique: 3D-printed inter-locking cutting guides for frontal sinus osteoma resection and reconstruction with split-calvarial bone graft.Case reports in plastic surgery & hand surgery · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVirtual surgical planning (VSP) is an emerging method in head and neck reconstruction with demonstrated benefits, however, its economic viability is supported with mixed evidence.
methodsA structured search was performed in five electronic databases. Studies that performed an economic evaluation on VSP in head and neck reconstruction were included. Data regarding VSP workflow, costs, and variables influencing costs were recorded and synthesized.
resultsEighteen studies met the final inclusion criteria (n = 733). Fourteen out of 18 studies (78%) found that VSP either generated cost savings or was comparable to freehand surgery (FHS). The majority of cost savings were generated from reduced OR times and LOS/LOH. In addition, greater cost savings were associated with in-house VSP workflows compared to those that are outsourced.
conclusionVSP is potentially cost-beneficial compared to traditional unplanned surgery, however, substantial heterogeneity amongst methods and outcome measures impedes the generalizability of these findings.
trial registrationPROSPERO: CRD42024504398.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.