ArticleAWWA water science2021
Lead pipe and lead-tin solder scale formation and structure: A conceptual model.
Article in AWWA water science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tracing Crustal and Anthropogenic Sources of Metal(loid)s in Hurricane Harvey Floodwater Remnants in Houston, Texas.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Free Chlorine Can Inhibit Lead Solder Corrosion via Electrochemical Reversal.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Zinc Orthophosphate Can Reduce Nitrate-Induced Corrosion of Lead Solder.ACS ES&T water · 2024Article
- The Behavior of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System-Comparison with Other Pipe Materials.Polymers · 2023Review
- Anion Exchange Resin and Inorganic Anion Parameter Determination for Model Validation and Evaluation of Unintended Consequences during PFAS Treatment.ACS ES&T water · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Lead-tin solder and lead service lines (LSLs) are important sources of lead, and after LSLs are removed, lead-tin solder will remain a major source of lead. A better understanding of the factors that control lead release from solder joints can help water utilities reduce lead. This paper reviews the reactions that take place at galvanic connections involving both lead-tin solder and lead pipe in contact with copper. A conceptual model based on these reactions was developed and is presented here to explain how such scale structure forms. The likely reactions that affect lead release for each of three cases, (1) no galvanic action, (2) lead anode and copper-brass cathode, and (3) lead cathode and copper-brass anode, are presented. The model also considers uniform corrosion that takes place on LSLs. This model should be useful when evaluating the impact of water quality changes on lead release from galvanic connections and LSLs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.