ArticleInflammopharmacology2025
Esculin-loaded nanoparticles ameliorate adjuvant-induced polyarthritis via subduing inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in Wistar rats.
Article in Inflammopharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Formulation and characterization of escin loaded-chitosan nanoparticles and assessment of its anti-arthritic potential in Wistar rats: a mechanistic approach.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Bridging Pharmacology and Nanotechnology: Mechanistic Insights into Traditional Chinese Medicine-Based Nanodelivery Systems for Rheumatoid Arthritis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Fabrication of bergapten loaded microneedle patch and assessment of its anti-arthritic potential against complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis in Wistar rat.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Retracted
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder affecting multiple joints and requires lifelong treatment. Present study was designed to formulate Esculin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ENPs) and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic action. The acute toxicity study of ENPs was also performed. ENPs were synthesized using the ion gelation method and their characterization was done. The formulated ENPs had a particle size of 205.1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.574, zeta potential of 3.6 ± 0.1 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 68%, SEM analysis showed round spherical and irregularity from the outer surface, XRD revealed amorphous nature. Drug release from the carrier by erosion method. For anti-arthritic potential, 0.1 ml Complete Freund's Adjuvant was injected in the left hind paw of all Wistar rats except normal rats on day 1 and treatment with ENPS at 5, 10, 20, ESC and methotrexate (standard drug) was started at 8th day orally and continued for 21 days. Treatment with methotrexate, ESC, and ENPs revealed a significant reduction of paw edema and pain, restoration of body and immune organ weight, Treatment with ENPs 20 mg/kg remarkably (p < 0.0001) restored serotonin and noradrenaline level, oxidation status, hematological and biochemical parameters with significant down-regulation (p < 0.0001) of IL-6, COX-2, TNF-alpha, NF-κβ whereas, up-regulation of IL-4 and IL-10 in comparison to disease control group as obvious from histological examination of sciatic nerve, liver, and ankle joint. The LD
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.