ArticleEuropean journal of neurology2025
Global, regional, and national burdens of intracerebral hemorrhage and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021.
Article in European journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Should Aggressive Blood Pressure Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Be Guided with Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring?Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Predictors of functional outcome of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in elderly patients from a comprehensive stroke care unit, prospective cohort hospital based study.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Lumbar drainage in intracerebral haemorrhage with intraventricular haemorrhage (DRAIN IVH): protocol for a multi-centre, randomised-controlled, two-arm, assessor-blinded trial.European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Severe and enduring prostate cancer burden attributable to smoking among old men amid global decline and socioeconomic disparities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Stroke Mortality Risk Factors: Global Trends and Regional Variations (1990-2021).Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Risk Factors in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Damascus_Syria: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burdens of intracerebral hemorrhage and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- The association between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and perihematomal edema in cerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Associations between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and 30-day mortality in patients with hemorrhagic stroke: analysis of the MIMIC-IV database.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Global burden of hypertensive heart disease attributable to high body mass index from 1990 to 2021: a multidimensional analysis and public health response.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of intracerebral hemorrhage in adolescents and young adults and its predictions: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeThe aim of this study was to assess the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) burden in 204 countries and territories worldwide from 1990 to 2021, disaggregated by sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI) at the global, regional, and country levels.
methodsData from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) were used to calculate age-standardized prevalence (ASPR), incidence (ASIR), death (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates for ICH. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to assess time patterns. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to predict future ICH burden.
resultsIn 2021, the global ICH burden remained high, with a total of 16.6 million cases and an ASPR of 194.51 cases per 100,000 people. The ASIR was 40.83 cases per 100,000 people, the ASDR was 39.09 cases per 100,000 people, and the age-standardized DALY rate was 923.64 per 100,000 people. The low-SDI regions had the highest ASPR, ASIR, ASDR, and DALY rates. Geographically, western sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASPR, Central Asia had the highest ASIR, and Oceania had the highest ASDR and DALY rates. High systolic blood pressure was the leading risk factor for ICH death, contributing to 57.9% of global fatalities.
conclusionDespite the decline in the ASIR, there is an ongoing increase in the absolute number of ICH cases, with significant differences observed across age, sex, region, country, and SDI. More attention and emphasis should be placed on improving the ICH burden in low-SDI areas.
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