ReviewImmunological reviews2025
Structural Immunology of SARS-CoV-2.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Combining gene amplification with SEAP-reporter to achieve high expression of recombinant omicron XBB.1.5 spike protein.Protein expression and purification · 2027Article
- Targeting of conserved spike epitopes enables broad antibody neutralisation of diverse bat sarbecoviruses.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Increase in Healthcare-Associated Infections: Is COVID-19 Responsible? A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Somatic Evolution of a Germline Antibody Expands its Breadth to Neutralize Early SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A population-based retrospective machine learning study of COVID-19 severity using integrated clinical and viral genomic data in Jiangsu Province, China.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer Biology: Exploring the Mechanistic Links.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- mRNA delivery of a class 1/4 SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody protects against diverse sarbecoviruses in a lethal mouse challenge model.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- A phase 1 clinical trial of a multi-antigen SARS-CoV DNA vaccine as a booster after dose three spike-based mRNA vaccinations.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Exploring the diverse binding ability of SARS-CoV-2 variant RBDs to different antibody classes: a computational study.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation patients resemble that of healthy individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Clonal interference and changing selective pressures shape the escape of SARS-CoV-2 from hundreds of antibodies.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Optimization of VE607 to generate analogs with improved neutralization activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- A highly divergent cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineage exhibits strong receptor binding and immune evasion.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Computationally designed mRNA-launched protein nanoparticle immunogens elicit protective antibody and T cell responses in mice.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Structural basis of a human antibody targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein dimerization domain and interfering with RNA-binding.Communications biology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: structure, viral entry and variants.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Discovery of Synergistic Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Non-Dominant Epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 RBD and NTD.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Potent bivalent nanobody constructs that protect against the SARS-CoV-2 XBB variant.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Viral glycoprotein-mediated entry and antibody-mediated immunity in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein has undergone significant evolution, enhancing both receptor binding and immune evasion. In this review, we summarize ongoing efforts to develop antibodies targeting various epitopes of the S protein, focusing on their neutralization potency, breadth, and escape mechanisms. Antibodies targeting the receptor-binding site (RBS) typically exhibit high neutralizing potency but are frequently evaded by mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants. In contrast, antibodies targeting conserved regions, such as the S2 stem helix and fusion peptide, exhibit broader reactivity but generally lower neutralization potency. However, several broadly neutralizing antibodies have demonstrated exceptional efficacy against emerging variants, including the latest omicron subvariants, underscoring the potential of targeting vulnerable sites such as RBS-A and RBS-D/CR3022. We also highlight public classes of antibodies targeting different sites on the S protein. The vulnerable sites targeted by public antibodies present opportunities for germline-targeting vaccine strategies. Overall, developing escape-resistant, potent antibodies and broadly effective vaccines remains crucial for combating future variants. This review emphasizes the importance of identifying key epitopes and utilizing antibody affinity maturation to inform future therapeutic and vaccine design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.