ReviewJournal of translational medicine2024
Sex differences in disease: sex chromosome and immunity.
Review in Journal of translational medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex-dimorphic gene regulation in murine macrophages across niches.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in urinary extracellular vesicles originating from the genitourinary system in health and disease.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Review
- Why Some People Live Past 100: The Role of the Immune System in Centenarians, Semi-Supercentenarians and Supercentenarians.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Beyond sex determination: the Y chromosome in male cancers.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Sex-Related Differences in Circular RNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals a gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism axis contributes to sex differences in a β-aminopropionitrile-induced aortic dissection mouse model.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Article
- Association of Urine Heavy Metals with Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes and Poor Glycaemic Control.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Immunoprofiling, sex- and age-related determinants of treatment response in paediatric, adolescent and young adult Hodgkin lymphoma.British journal of haematology · 2026Article
- The Metabolic Calibration of Female Immune Plasticity: From X-Linked Vulnerability to Precision Metabotyping.Biology · 2026Review
- Influenza B virus suppression of Chromosome Y-linked genes increases pulmonary virus replication and disease severity in male mice.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent differences in the progression of renal injury and fibrosis following ischemic acute kidney injury.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Novel Cerebrovascular Disease Blood Biomarkers Identified by Targeted Proteomics in a High-Risk Native American Population.World neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Decoding Burkholderia Cepacia complex: recA-based species differentiation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Systemic skewing of peripheral blood leukocyte composition in neurofibromatosis type 1.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunosenescence modulates radiation-induced anti-tumor immunity: implications for personalized immuno-oncology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Unmasking immunodeficiency in sudden infant deaths: no evidence of hidden immune disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex is a fundamental biological variable that influences immune system function, with sex chromosomes (X and Y) playing a central role in these differences. Despite substantial evidence of disparities in immune responses between males and females, biomedical research has historically overlooked sex as a critical factor. This oversight has contributed to the observed disparities in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and malignancies between the sexes. In this review, we address the phenomena and mechanisms through which aberrant expression of sex chromosome-linked genes contributes to sex-based differences in immune responses. We specifically focus on the implications of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) escape and loss of Y chromosome (LOY). Our review aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving these sex-based differences, with particular emphasis on the interactions between sex chromosome genes and immune cells in both males and females. Additionally, we discuss the potential impact of these differences on disease susceptibility and identify prospective therapeutic targets. As personalized and precision medicine advances, it is crucial to integrate sex differences into immunological research and clinical trials. We advocate for an increased focus on sex-based considerations in fundamental, translational, and clinical research to promote personalized, sex-specific healthcare.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.