Trial reportOptometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry2025
Effect of different artificial tears on tear film parameters in dry eye disease.
Trial report in Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of 0.1% sodium hyaluronate on femtosecond laser scanning during small incision lenticule extraction.International ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Article
- From the Ocular Surface to Neurophysiology: An Integrative Review of Digital Eye Strain.Clinical optometry · 2026Review
- Management of Dry Eye Disease with Artificial Tears Containing Hyaluronic Acid and Trehalose: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine as a secretagogue versus artificial tears in the management of dry eye disease.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2026Article
- Improving the post-oculoplastic tear film: trehalose as a critical adjunct.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Polyphenol-Loaded Nanodevices as Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Dry Eye Disease: Advances and Perspectives.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Efficacy of povidone and propylene glycol-based artificial tears in the treatment of dry eye disease.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia · 2025Article
- Comparative Performance of Artificial Tear Drops Assessed with Objective Non-Invasive Imaging.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
significanceArtificial tears remain the cornerstone for managing dry eye disease. The current study's real-world efficacy test of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, or sodium hyaluronate (SH)-based lubricants highlights their similar effects on noninvasive tear film parameters over the short term. However, patients reported better relief with SH-based lubricants. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the short-term impact of different artificial tear formulations on tear film in moderate dry eye disease patients.
methodsA prospective, double-masked, controlled study randomly allocated moderate dry eye disease patients into five groups of artificial tears: 0.5% CMC, 1% CMC, 0.1% SH-trehalose, 0.4% PEG 400-0.3% propylene glycol (PG), and 0.1% SH-0.4% PEG 400-0.3% PG. Noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), tear meniscus height, and bulbar redness (Keratograph 5M; OCULUS Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) were assessed (in a controlled environment chamber 68 to 70°F; 35% relative humidity) at baseline and every 15 minutes for 1 hour after a drop instillation in the left eye. The right eye was an internal control. At 1 hour, subjects were asked for a change in subjective symptomatology (scales 0 to 4). A linear mixed-effect model was used for analysis.
resultsEach artificial tear group had 20 patients (100 patients). All groups had similar dry eye disease types and durations, baseline ocular surface disease index scores, and tear film parameters. All artificial tears showed significant improvement in NIBUT values at all time points from baseline compared with contralateral eyes. The change in NIBUT values was similar between different artificial tears at all time points. Bulbar redness scores and tear meniscus height showed no significant change in either eye with time or artificial tears. All patients reported improvement in dry eye disease symptomatology, with significant differences observed between 1% CMC and SH-PEG-PG (p=0.01), 0.5% CMC and SH-PEG-PG (p<0.0001), and 0.5% CMC and 0.1% SH-trehalose (p=0.01), where SH-based tear drops performed better.
conclusionsTear film stability improves following a single drop of CMC, SH, and PEG-based artificial tears, although these artificial tears do not differ in their short-term effect.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.