ArticleJournal of functional morphology and kinesiology2024
Accuracy of the Apple Watch Series 9 for Measures of Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate at Rest and During Exercise: Impact of Skin Pigmentation.
Article in Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Representation of Different Populations in Studies Assessing the Validity of Consumer Wearable Photoplethysmography-Based Measurements: Scoping Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Smartwatch-derived exercise metrics as predictors of early hypertension: a prospective observational study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Observational
- Differences between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity Management: Medical, Social, and Public Health Perspectives.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Apple Watch provides promising health data that could aid in increasing exercise adherence; regular exercise can help individuals manage and prevent diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, the impact of skin pigmentation on the accuracy of the Apple Watch Series 9 for measures of energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR) is unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Apple Watch Series 9 on various skin pigmentations for measures of EE and HR.
methodsThirty young, healthy individuals were assigned to one of three groups based on their scores on the Fitzpatrick skin survey. Participants completed a 10 min treadmill protocol with varying speeds and inclines while wearing an Apple Watch Series 9, a two-way non-rebreathing mouthpiece connected to a Parvo Medics metabolic cart, and a Polar H7 chest strap to measure EE and HR.
resultsOverall, EE was found to be inconsistent for all skin pigmentation groups. However, for HR, the Apple Watch Series 9 was more variable (i.e., less accurate) for darker skin pigmentations compared to lighter skin pigmentations.
conclusionsThe Apple Watch Series 9 was found to vary in both EE and HR measures from criterion across intensity and skin pigmentation, with greater discrepancies for individuals in Group 3 for measures of HR. Further investigation might aim to study the impact of skin pigmentations and wrist subcutaneous fat on the accuracy of the latest Apple Watch Series 9 for measures of EE and HR.
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