ArticleCancer research and treatment2025
Sex-Specific Molecular Markers NRF2 and PD-L1 in Colon Carcinogenesis: Implications for Right-Sided Colon Cancer.
Article in Cancer research and treatment, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- TSC22D4 drives clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression and therapy resistance by stabilizing NRF2 through KEAP1 disruption.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Review
- Differential NRF2 Methylation and PD-1 Expression in Normal Tissues of Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma across Sexes.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Silibinin Anticancer Effects Through the Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis study examined the roles of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in colon carcinogenesis, underscoring on sex and differences in tumor location. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 378 participants were enrolled from Seoul National University Bundang Hospital: 88 healthy controls (HC), 139 patients with colorectal adenoma (AD), and 151 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), methylation-specific PCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed utilizing tumor samples from patients and normal mucosa in the HC group.
resultsNRF2 mRNA expression was higher in the CRC group than in the HC and AD groups, with decreased NRF2 methylation in the AD and CRC groups. NRF2 protein expression, as evaluated by IHC, increased in the AD and CRC groups relative to that in the HC group. PD-L1 protein expression was remarkably higher in the CRC group than in the HC and AD groups. These patterns were consistent in both males and females. In sex- and CRC location-specific analyses, NRF2 methylation was lower in female than in male patients with CRC. NRF2 protein expression was significantly higher in females, particularly in patients with right-sided CRC. Moreover, females exhibited increased PD-L1 mRNA expression compared to males in the AD group, and PD-L1 mRNA levels were higher in females with right-sided CRC than in those with cancer at other locations.
conclusionDifferences in NRF2 and PD-L1 expression indicate site-specific colon carcinogenesis based on sex, particularly in females with right-sided CRC.
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