Evaluating techniques for determining elasmobranch body size: a review of current methodologies.

There is global awareness that many species of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) have life history characteristics that make them susceptible to overexploitation. The study of these animals is critical, as it contributes to increasing knowledge of these specimens and aids in their conservation. In particular, growth rate, age, fecundity, and size at maturity are key parameters for defining management and conservation strategies in elasmobranchs. Biometric data collection allows these parameters to be determined and considered in the evaluation of population demography. Over the last decades, several methodologies for measuring elasmobranch size have evolved, progressing from traditional capture-based methods to sophisticated, non-intrusive photographic techniques. The present review aims to understand and analyse all the existing non-invasive techniques that currently allow the collection of zoometric data in elasmobranchs and, later, to highlight the advantages and limitations of each technique, with comments on their application to fieldwork. To this end, 49 articles were selected, encompassing seven measurement techniques: photogrammetry using distance to the individual, bar photogrammetry, laser photogrammetry, stereo-DOV, stereo-BRUV, stereo-ROV, and aerial photogrammetry. Globally, the last four techniques are excellent alternatives to methods that involve animal capture or death, as they are practical, simple to use, minimally invasive, and potentially highly accurate. Each technique's requirements related to equipment and cost, limitations, and distinctive features are presented here and summarized to guide researchers on what's available and how to select the most appropriate for their studies.