Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39725063›Full record

ArticleAppetite2025

Development and validation of a brief form of the Anticipated Effects of Food Scale.

Jenna R Cummings, Natasha Treharne, Uku Vainik, Ashley E Mason, Tonja R Nansel, Leah M Lipsky, Ashley N Gearhardt

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Appetite, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jenna R CummingsDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: jenna.cummings@liverpool.ac.uk.
Natasha TreharneDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Uku VainikInstitute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Ashley E MasonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Tonja R NanselSocial and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Leah M LipskySocial and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Ashley N GearhardtDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

Sprouts: Development of Eating Behaviors in Early ChildhoodZIAHD008983 · NICHD · EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT · PI NANSEL, TONJA · 2019 to 2025
$4.4M
Training in Developmental Science to Improve Child Health and Well-BeingT32HD079350 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI LUMENG, JULIE C · 2015 to 2019
$1.2M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA HD008983NICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201300012CNICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201300026INICHD NIH HHS T32 HD079350
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Identifying malleable influences on eating behaviours will advance our ability to improve physical and mental health. Food-related emotional expectancies are the anticipated positive and negative emotions from eating different foods and are theorised to affect eating behaviour, and to be amenable to change. The Anticipated Effects of Food Scale (AEFS) assesses food-related emotional expectancies using 62 one-word items; however, a shorter questionnaire would be useful in large and clinical studies. In the present study, we developed a brief version of the AEFS, named the AEFS-Brief (AEFS-B), using a data-driven approach. We identified candidate items from all-subset correlations with the AEFS and item-level correlations with eating behaviours in two community samples (n = 247, n = 718), and we assessed internal consistency and validity of the AEFS-B. We further assessed internal consistency and validity in two independent samples (n = 200, n = 108) that completed a 'bogus' taste test or 24-h dietary recalls. Results indicated that the AEFS-B with 28 one-word items had good internal consistency and convergent validity with the AEFS. Analysis with AEFS-B scores reproduced associations of AEFS scores with intake of added sugars, symptoms of food addiction, eating to cope motives, and ad libitum food intake. We also demonstrated novel associations of AEFS and AEFS-B scores with emotional eating and diet quality. The AEFS-B appears to be a reliable and valid brief measure of food-related emotional expectancies that can be used in cohort and population studies, ecological momentary assessments, and for clinical populations in which participant burden is high.

Indexed as

DietEatingEmotionsFeeding BehaviorAdolescentAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultAssessmentBriefEating behaviourEmotionsFood-related emotional expectanciesMeasurement

Identifiers

PMID39725063
PMCPMC12314748

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.