Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39723934›Full record

ArticleACS nano2025

Understanding the Formation Dynamics and Physical Properties of Nanocapsules Using Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry.

Conner C Harper, Tracy H Schloemer, Jacob S Jordan, Nicole Heflin, Pournima Narayanan, Qi Zhou, Daniel N Congreve, Evan R Williams

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS nano, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Conner C HarperDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
Tracy H SchloemerDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-9617-5101
Jacob S JordanDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-2894-3126
Nicole HeflinDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
Pournima NarayananDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
Qi ZhouDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-0823-893X
Daniel N CongreveDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-2914-3561
Evan R WilliamsDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-1733-3018

Funding

Multiplexed Charge Detection Mass Spectrometer for Extended Mass and Collisional Cross Section MeasurementsR01GM139338 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI Evan R Williams · 2020 to 2026
$2.9M
NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM139338
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Characterizing the size, structure, and composition of nanoparticles is vital in predicting and understanding their macroscopic properties. In this work, charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) was used to analyze nanocapsules (∼10-200 MDa) consisting of a liquid oleic acid core surrounded by a dense silica outer shell. CDMS is an emerging method for nanoparticle analysis that can rapidly measure the mass and charge of thousands of individual nanoparticles. We find that increasing the feed volume of the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) precursor added to form the silica shell of the nanocapsules yielded both higher and broader nanocapsule mass distributions with differentiable densities. A two-dimensional mass versus charge analysis also revealed the formation of two distinct populations of nanocapsules. These two nanocapsule morphologies were also present in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and exhibited low-density spherical cores and crescent-shaped cores where the remainder of the core volume was "filled in" by more dense silica. Nanocapsule shell growth kinetics over a ∼48-h synthesis period were also monitored by sampling the reaction mixture at various times, quenching the sampled aliquots, and then characterizing these time-resolved samples by CDMS. The CDMS data reveal three distinct growth phases in nanocapsule formation; rapid initial nucleation, an "inverted" distribution of silica growth, and a final slow growth phase where the rate of mass increase and final nanocapsule masses are dictated by the initial TEOS feed volumes. CDMS-enabled understanding of the diverse nanocapsule sizes, morphologies, and growth dynamics will allow us to better predict nanocapsule properties while reducing the experimental burden in optimizing nanocapsules for real-world applications.

Indexed as

charge detectiondensitykineticsmass spectrometrynanoparticlessize distributiontransmission electron microscopy

Identifiers

PMID39723934
PMCPMC12802521

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.