ArticleEClinicalMedicine2025
Treatable traits in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: focus on respiratory tract infections-a systematic review and a meta-analysis.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Lung-Targeted Carrier of Carbon Monoxide for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Therapy.ACS nano · 2026Article
- Decoding organ fibrosis: mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Development and Systematic Evaluation of a Low-Irritation PFD-AIS Formulation for Pulmonary-Targeted Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, deadly lung disease with several factors, including respiratory tract infections (RTI), for disease worsening. There's no comprehensive data on RTI incidence in IPF patients across different therapies, including antifibrotic (nintedanib or pirfenidone), investigative or placebo treatments. Methods: A systematic search of databases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted on September 30th 2024 (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023484213). Only randomized controlled trials of drugs intended for IPF treatment in adults and reporting RTI incidence were included. Pooled risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI), risk of bias, GRADE and CINEMA assessments were conducted along with subgroup analyses for upper and lower RTI and for different antifibrotic doses. Findings: A total of 27 trials of different drugs aimed for IPF therapy were pooled in a pairwise meta-analysis, 11,542 patients were analyzed with an overall number of 4156 RTI events, representing an average incidence of 38.4 ± 23.5%. Most therapies did not affect RTI risk in IPF, although single trials with everolimus and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed a significant decrease compared to placebo. For antifibrotics, RTI incidence was similar with pirfenidone treatment compared to nintedanib (RR: 0.98 CI: [0.71; 1.36]) and compared to placebo (RR: 0.88 CI: [0.69; 1.10]) and nintedanib compared to placebo (RR: 0.89 CI: [0.71; 1.12]). Interpretation: RTIs are frequently reported adverse events in IPF patients over a one-year period, with different investigated treatments showing no profound impact compared to placebo. Future clinical trials should focus on targeting treatable traits like RTIs. Funding: None.
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