Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of guidelines for venous thromboembolism prevention and management: A mixed-methods systematic review.

Background: Evidence-based venous thromboembolism prevention and management is a priority for global health services. Low adoption of venous thromboembolism guidelines can result in compromised patient outcomes. Understanding clinicians' and patients' perceptions of barriers to and facilitators for guideline implementation and mapping identified barriers and facilitators to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research may inform theoretical interventions to improve guideline adoption rates. Objective: To synthesize quantitative and qualitative evidence on both 1) perceptions and experiences of hospital clinicians and patients regarding venous thromboembolism practices and 2) barriers to and facilitators for guideline implementation. Data source: English-language studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane published between 2012 and 2023. Methods: The included studies primarily focused on two aspects: firstly, elucidating the perceptions and experiences of healthcare providers and patients concerning venous thromboembolism management practices, and secondly, identifying the barriers and facilitators that influence the implementation of venous thromboembolism guidelines. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for critical appraisal. Quantitative data were transformed into qualitized data and then thematically synthesized with qualitative data to compare the perspectives of clinicians and patients. Barriers and facilitators related to each topic were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, and the barriers were entered into its implementation strategy matching tool to obtain implementation strategies. Results: Of 8262 studies of varying quality, 26 (20 quantitative, five qualitative, and one mixed-methods) met the inclusion criteria. Four themes represented factors influencing guideline implementation: 1) healthcare-led multidisciplinary prevention and management, 2) feasibility of guideline implementation, 3) patient involvement in prevention and management, and 4) government and hospital environments and related systems. The majority of barriers identified by healthcare providers were related to the second and fourth themes, while for patients, there were multiple barriers under the third theme. Barriers were mainly mapped into four domains: intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, and characteristics of individuals. Most facilitators mentioned by healthcare providers and patients were related to themes 1, 3, and 4 and mapped to three domains: outer setting, inner setting, and characteristics of individuals. Seven optimal implementation strategies were obtained through the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research-Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change matching tool. Conclusions: We highlighted the most influential factors associated with implementing venous thromboembolism guidelines from the perspectives of both clinicians and patients, and mapping these factors to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research can help to develop stakeholder-appropriate implementation interventions. Registration: This study's protocol has been registered at PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42024518184.