Salinisation effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages in shallow lakes in arid and semiarid climate zones.

Shallow lakes, including those located at the border between Europe and Asia (Kazakhstan), have become very prone to increasing salinity because of climate change. Most of the study area is in one of the fastest-warming parts of the globe. Our research, conducted in four lakes varying in water salinity level and located in western Kazakhstan in the steppe, semi-desert, and desert zones, can be used to predict biodiversity as indicators of the natural potential of ecosystems. This was achieved by assessing the associations of invertebrate communities with environmental conditions based on data collected during nine seasonal measurement campaigns (in May, July, and September of 2019, 2020, and 2021). The multidimensional scaling (nMDS) of biotic and abiotic data enabled us to identify lakes as freshwater (1), oligohaline (1), and mesohaline (2). The key classifier was biotope salinity, irrespective of lake location in the steppe, semi-desert, or desert zones. Twenty-nine taxa were identified in the freshwater lake, 37 in the oligohaline, and 24-28 in the mesohaline lake; these accounted for ~ 80% of their estimated taxonomic composition, according to Species Accumulation Curves (SAC). The differences in the structure of benthic invertebrate assemblages revealed between the lakes are mainly concerned with the density and, to a lesser extent, the diversity of communities (Simpson index). As the salinity of the waters increased, the proportion of Diptera larvae significantly increased, and that of Ephemeroptera larvae decreased. Sigara assimilis, accompanied by Sphaeromas sp., Chironomus sp., and Saeharia sp., proved strongly resistant to increased water salinity. Among the studied lakes, the semi-desert lake Balykty Sarkyl (β-mesohaline) is strongly threatened by biodiversity degradation due to unfavourable climatic conditions. Time series analysis for Lake Edilsor (α-mesohaline) shows that it underwent the most rapid salinisation, which has increased the number of taxa tolerant to this predictor (mainly Diptera larvae). The results confirm that detailed taxonomic assessment (including time series) can significantly improve our understanding of lake changes with increasing salinity caused by climate change and/or other stressors.