ReviewEndocrinology2025
GLP-1 and Its Analogs: Does Sex Matter?
Review in Endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Musculoskeletal Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Drugs · 2026Pooled it
- GLP-1 agonists and changes in body mass and composition in adults with overweight or obesity with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative effectiveness of semaglutideFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Survodutide for treatment of obesity: Baseline characteristics of participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (SYNCHRONIZE™-1).Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Obesity, incretin-based therapies, and cardiovascular disease in women.Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation · 2026Review
- Beyond weight loss: Disentangling the direct effects of semaglutide vs equivalent calorie restriction on reproductive systems of male and female rats.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex, Not Age, Predicts Weight Loss Outcomes With Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Article
- Impact of semaglutide introduction on the use of triptans: an interrupted-time series.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- The central amygdala gates exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 signals.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Effects of GLP-1 analogs on metabolic alterations including male sexual function, hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction: a narrative review.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Review
- Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific and Reproductive Status-Dependent Effects of Liraglutide on Metabolic Disorders Associated with Prediabetes.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hypothalamic actions of estrogens in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on sympathetic neuron activity.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Predictors of Tirzepatide Efficacy: Clinical, Genetic, and Molecular Biomarkers for Glycemic, Weight, and Organ Protection.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in [Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- [Sex and gender-specific aspects in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus - Clinical recommendations (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- Not only gut feelings: pancreatic hormone, amylin, controls emotionality and sociability, in a sex divergent manner.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Efficacy of GLP-1 analog peptides, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide on MC4R deficient obesity and their comparison.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
While obesity and diabetes are prevalent in both men and women, some aspects of these diseases differ by sex. A new blockbuster class of therapeutics, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs (eg, semaglutide), shows promise at curbing both diseases. This review addresses the topic of sex differences in the endogenous and therapeutic actions of GLP-1 and its analogs. Work on sex differences in human studies and animal research is reviewed. Preclinical data on the mechanisms of potential sex differences in the endogenous GLP-1 system as well as the therapeutic effect of GLP-1 analogs, focusing on the effects of the drugs on the brain and behavior relating to appetite and metabolism, are highlighted. Moreover, recent clinical evidence of sex differences in the therapeutic effects of GLP-1 analogs in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are discussed. Lastly, we review evidence for the role of GLP-1 analogs in mood and reproductive function, with particular attention to sex differences. Overall, while we did not find evidence for many qualitative sex differences in the therapeutic effect of clinically approved GLP-1 analogs, a growing body of literature highlights quantitative sex differences in the response to GLP-1 and its analogs as well as an interaction of these therapeutics with estrogens. What also clearly emerges is the paucity of data in female animal models or women in very basic aspects of the science of GLP-1-gaps that should be urgently mended, given the growing popularity of these medications, especially in women.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.