ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2025
Association between infant feeding and ADHD development in childhood: a birth cohort study in Taiwan.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of unprocessed and ultra-processed food consumption and ADHD symptoms: evidence from a Brazilian population-based cohort.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Maternal Dietary Pattern in Pregnancy and Behavioral Outcomes at 4 Years of Age in the Piccolipiù Cohort: Potential Sex-Related Differences.Nutrients · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInfant feeding plays a vital role in neurodevelopment, and a lack of breastfeeding and complementary feeding may increase the risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, empirical evidence on this relationship remains uncertain, as most studies are based on cross-sectional designs. Therefore, this study aimed to examine this temporal relationship using longitudinal data from a birth cohort.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from Wave I (starting at 6 months old, 2005-2006) to Wave IV (up to 5 years old, 2010-2011) of the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study. A total of 19,721 pairs completed the four-wave interviews and provided information on infant feeding, medical history, ADHD occurrence, and sociodemographic characteristics. An extended Cox model with time-dependent covariates was used to examine this association.
resultsIn total, 207 infants developed ADHD during the 54-month observational period, with an estimated cumulative incidence of 5.56 per 1,000 person-years. The average breastfeeding duration was approximately 2 months. With complementary feeding, rice solid food (HR = 0.73) was found to be a protective factor against developing ADHD. Significantly associated factors for increasing ADHD risk included males, lower family income, low birth weight, maternal weight, advanced maternal age, child gastrointestinal disease, child seizures, maternal heart disease, and paternal diabetes mellitus.
conclusionsComplementary feeding within 6 months is important to protect infants from developing ADHD. The beneficial effect of breastfeeding within 6 months was not observed while controlling for other risk factors. However, owing to the limitation of a smaller number of ADHD cases, further studies should rely on larger observational periods.
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