ArticleBMC health services research2024
Trends of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Ethiopia: using the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit.
Article in BMC health services research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Ethiopia: a scoping review for equitable vaccine access.Frontiers in health services · 2025Pooled it
- Moving beyond the average: a method to measure health related-inequalities within randomised trials.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEquity in COVID-19 vaccine uptake is the heart of managing the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 disease. However, the evidence of inequality in COVID-19 vaccination in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the trends of socioeconomic and geographic inequality of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Ethiopia.
methodThis study used the Global COVID-19 trends and impact survey as part of the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit software 2021 version. The trends of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake between surveys were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A 95% CI was calculated along with measures of inequality in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and statistical significance was declared if the 95% CI of absolute and relative measures of inequalities does not include 0 and 1 respectively.
resultThe COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the 45-65 age group significantly increased from 40.04%, 95% CI (32.49, 48.1) to 72.7%, 95%CI (63.7, 80.2) in 05/2021 to 03/2022 respectively. The absolute inequality of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among male vs female respondents was 3.6%, 95% CI (3.9, 11.2) in 08/2021 which was obtained by subtraction of the respecting proportion of vaccines uptakes 32.9% for males minus 29.28% for females and there was a significant more prevalence of vaccine uptake in males than in females. The absolute inequality in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health workers vs non-health workers was 28.5%, 95% CI (17.8, 37.2), 03/2022 and there was a significantly higher prevalence of vaccine uptake in health workers than non-health workers in each survey. The relative measures of inequality in the ratios of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among urban vs rural was 0.85, 95%CI (0.7, 0.994) in 08/2021 which was obtained by dividing the respecting proportion of vaccine uptakes of urban by rural residents.
conclusionThe study showed that the proportion of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Ethiopia significantly increased from 2021 to 2022 with distinct inequality. The study indicated there is significant absolute and relative inequality in COVID-19 vaccine uptake between health workers and non-health workers, male and female, and urban and rural residents in Ethiopia. Therefore, the effort should be geared towards reducing health workers vs non-health workers, urban vs rural, and gender inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake through health literacy and recommend geographic and equity-oriented policies, to ensure effective pandemic management of COVID-19.
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