ArticleFrontiers in medicine2024
Influence of smoking and obesity on post-COVID-19 sequelae and risk of hospitalization.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Cognitive impairment, depression, and fatigue in post-COVID and post-vaccination syndrome: a large-scale cross-sectional study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Influence of lifestyle factors on susceptibility, disease course and recovery from post COVID-19 syndrome: a scoping review.BMJ public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has significantly impacted the global healthcare system, with particularly harmful effects on the human respiratory system. Beyond the acute symptoms, there is growing concern about persistent symptoms that last for weeks or months after the initial infection, known as long COVID syndrome. This study focuses on investigating the relationship between smoking, obesity, and the presence of post-COVID-19 sequelae, as well as their influence on the risk of hospitalization. Materials and methods: An observational and retrospective study was conducted using medical records of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Castilla y León, Spain, between November 1 and 30, 2020. The patients were divided into three groups: smoking (current and former), obesity/overweight, and control group. Various variables were analyzed, including age, sex, and the presence of post-COVID-19 sequelae, chronic pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, psychological conditions, and hospitalization. Descriptive statistics and Odds Ratio analysis were used for comparisons. Results: The results revealed that obesity was significantly associated with a higher risk of post-COVID-19 sequelae, particularly memory disorders and neurological, mental, or psychological symptoms. In contrast, smoking was correlated with an increase in memory problems but did not show a direct influence on post-COVID-19 sequelae or hospitalization. Additionally, women were found to have a higher prevalence of obesity in the studied population. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that obesity increases the risk of post-COVID-19 sequelae, especially in terms of memory disorders and neuropsychological symptoms. On the other hand, smoking is related to memory problems. Regarding cardiovascular pathologies, there was not enough statistical evidence for analysis, while for hospitalization, it was determined that smoking and obesity do not have a direct influence on these post-COVID consequences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.