ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2024
Global burden of myocarditis from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of post-stroke poor sleep quality: a meta-analysis of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index results.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Persistent Focal MyocardialDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- [Disease burden and risk factors of myocarditis among children and adolescents aged 0-19 years in China from 1990 to 2021 and projection of future disease burden trends].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Heart-Brain Axis in Viral Myocarditis: Shared Cytokine Pathways, Blood-Brain Barrier Crosstalk, and Neuroinflammatory Consequences.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Global lifetime risk of developing myocarditis, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Global, regional and national burden of myocarditis in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of myocarditis among individuals aged 65 and older from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries: a critical re-analysis of data from the global burden of disease study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Targeting of Viral Myocarditis with Natural Products and Herbal Medicines: From Immune-Inflammatory Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Article
- Review
- Impact of low environmental temperatures on the global burden of myocarditis: insights from the 1990-2021 global burden of disease study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Cellular protein quality control in viral myocarditis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implication.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Global, regional and national epidemiology of myocarditis: health inequalities, risk factors and forecasted burden based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Electrocardiographic Findings and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Results in Patients with Acute Myocarditis: A Retrospective Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundMyocarditis is a major public health, social, and economic issue. Currently, few studies have provided comprehensive analyses of the global burden of myocarditis based on GBD (Global Burden Disease) 2021. We therefore analyzed long-term trends in the global burden of myocarditis from 1990 to 2021, described risk factors, examined the impact of COVID-19 (coronavirus infection disease 2019), and predicted future trends to inform health policy development and healthcare resource allocation.
methodFrom the GBD 2021 database, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) were obtained for countries, regions, ages, and sexes globally. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to analyze Trends in age-standardized rates of myocarditis and significant time points were examined using joinpoint regression analysis.
resultsGlobally, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), DALYs rate (ASDALYsR), and death rate (ASDR) for myocarditis in 2021 were 16.16 [(13.11 to 19.76) per 100 000 people], 12.41 [10.37 to 14.76) per 100 000 people], and 0.40 [0.32 to 0.47) per 100 000 people], respectively. High-income Asia Pacific had the highest myocarditis ASIR in 2021, whereas Central Europe had the highest ASDALYsR and ASDR. Gender comparison showed myocarditis was more common in men. The burden of myocarditis was larger in the elderly aged 80 and older, but children should not be neglected. Analysis revealed a rise in worldwide ASIR from 2016 to 2021 (APC = 0.0945, 95%CI: 0.0709 to 0.1440, p < 0.001). During COVID-19, myocarditis burden did not peak. Both high and low temperatures increase myocarditis risk. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model predicted that myocarditis ASIR would rise while ASDALYsR and ASDR would decrease.
conclusionsThe global burden of myocarditis remains a health issue that cannot be ignored and shows significant regional and sex-based differences. Effective and targeted strategies for the prevention and management of myocarditis in this population are needed to reduce the overall burden. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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