ArticleSleep2025
40 Hz visual stimulation during sleep evokes neuronal gamma activity in NREM and REM stages.
Article in Sleep, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06907420 (Effects of Multi-Session 40 Hz Visual Stimulation on Neuronal and Psychiatric Outcomes in Schizophrenia), which is not on this map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Multi-Session 40 Hz Visual Stimulation on Neuronal and Psychiatric Outcomes in Schizophrenia
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The safety and efficacy of gamma frequency auditory and visual stimulation in the treatment of alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Gamma entrainment as a functional target in deep brain stimulation.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Wavelength-dependent sleep state manipulation using light pulses in Pogona vitticeps.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Sleep-Dependent Clearance of Brain Metabolites via the Glymphatic System: Implications for Alzheimer's Pathophysiology.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Light-based 40 Hz sensory therapy for brain disorders: physiological basis, therapeutic mechanisms, and future prospects.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Sleep and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: Bridging the Gap Between Inflammation and Neurodegeneration via Glymphatic Failure.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Neuronal effects of epicranial current stimulation in macaque cortex.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesVisual stimulation (VS) at 40 Hz is being tested as a non-invasive approach against dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Applying it during sleep could increase the convenience, duration, and efficacy of stimulation. Here, we tested the feasibility of 40 Hz VS during sleep in a proof-of-concept study.
methodsThirty healthy participants underwent one control and one experimental night of polysomnography at the sleep laboratory. 40 Hz VS was delivered in wakefulness (W), NREM sleep stages 2 and 3, and REM sleep.
resultsAs expected, 40 Hz EEG spectral power was increased in all four stages in the experimental condition, compared to control. It was highest in W and similar across NREM 2, NREM 3, and REM, with large and medium effect sizes, respectively. Steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) analyses in the time domain confirmed the specificity of the effect. Secondary analyses revealed that the intervention did not impair objective and subjective sleep quality beyond the first-night effect.
conclusions40 Hz VS during sleep effectively evoked neuronal gamma activity at stimulation frequency without degrading sleep quality, supporting the feasibility of this approach. These findings lay the groundwork for optimizing gamma-band sensory stimulation as a tool to causally study cognitive functions and as a scalable, non-invasive intervention against dementias.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.